
Concept explainers
Assign formal charges to each carbon atom in the given species. All lone pairs have been drawn in.
a.
d.

(a)
Interpretation: The formal charge on each carbon atom in the given species is to be assigned.
Concept introduction: The formal charge on an atom is calculated by the formula,
Answer to Problem 1.39P
In the given species, the formal charge on carbon atom of
Explanation of Solution
The given species is
The formal charge on an atom is calculated by the formula,
Substitute these values in the above equation to calculate the formal charge.
For the carbon present in
Substitute these values in above equation to calculate the formal charge on the carbon of
Thus, in the given species, the formal charge on carbon atom of
(a) In the given species, the formal charge on carbon atom of

(b)
Interpretation: The formal charge on each carbon atom in the given species is to be assigned.
Concept introduction: The formal charge on an atom is calculated by the formula,
Answer to Problem 1.39P
In the given species, the formal charge on carbon atom is zero as shown below.
Explanation of Solution
The given species is
The formal charge on an atom is calculated by the formula,
Substitute these values in above equation to calculate the formal charge on carbon atom.
Thus, in the given species, the formal charge on carbon atom is zero.
In the given species, the formal charge on carbon atom is zero.

(c)
Interpretation: The formal charge on each carbon atom in the given species is to be assigned.
Concept introduction: The formal charge on an atom is calculated by the formula,
Answer to Problem 1.39P
In the given species, the formal charge on carbon atom is zero as shown below.
Explanation of Solution
The given species is,
Figure 1
The formal charge on an atom is calculated by the formula,
For the given carbon atom,
Substitute these values in above equation, to calculate the formal charge on carbon atom.
Thus, in the given species, the formal charge on carbon atom is zero.
Figure 2
In the given species, the formal charge on carbon atom is zero.

(d)
Interpretation: The formal charge on each carbon atom in the given species is to be assigned.
Concept introduction: The formal charge on an atom is calculated by the formula,
Answer to Problem 1.39P
In the given species, the formal charge on carbon atom of
Explanation of Solution
The given species is,
Figure 3
The formal charge on an atom is calculated by the formula,
Substitute these value in above equation to calculate the formal charge on the carbon of
For the carbon of
Substitute these value in above equation to calculate the formal charge on the carbon of
Thus, in the given species, the formal charge on carbon atom of
Figure 4
In the given species, the formal charge on carbon atom of
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Chapter 1 Solutions
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