Which statement is true of topoisomerases? They alter chromosomal condensation by regulating supercoiling. They aid in the packaging of chromosomes by breaking them into smaller pieces. They act as a clamp to stabilize nucleosomes. They alter chromosomal condensation through the acetylation of histones. They modify gene expression through the methylation of DNA.

Which statement is true of topoisomerases? They alter chromosomal condensation by regulating supercoiling. They aid in the packaging of chromosomes by breaking them into smaller pieces. They act as a clamp to stabilize nucleosomes. They alter chromosomal condensation through the acetylation of histones. They modify gene expression through the methylation of DNA.

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Description: Which statement is true of topoisomerases?They alter chromosomal condensation by regulating supercoiling.They aid in the packaging of chromosomes by breaking them into smaller pieces.They act as a clamp to stabilize nucleosomes.They alter chromosoma

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter8: The Structure, Replication, And Chromosomal Organization Of Dna

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 23QP: How does DNA replication occur in a precise manner to ensure that identical genetic information is...

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The diagram below shows the structure of DNA from the level of a gene to a condensed mitotic chromosome. At each of the four locations marked, indicate how a gene may be regulated by selecting from the choices given. Some answer choices may fit into more than one position; however, you should use each answer choice only once. Choices given: Alternative splicing within the gene sequence can lead to different forms of mRNA. A promoter region can be blocked by another protein. Histone deacetylation can prevent DNA from unwinding. A regulatory region can be bound and increase transcription rates.
Using the figure below identify: What is the role of histones and nucleosomes? How the process of chromatin condensation is performed? What is a function of introns and exons? What is a role of mobile DNA elements? What is a meaning of simple-sequence DNA?
How does DNA replication occur in a precise manner to ensure that identical genetic information is put into the new chromatid? See Figures 8.12 and 8.13. FIGURE 8.12 In DNA replication, the two polynucleotide strands uncoil, and each is a template for synthesizing a new strand. A replicated DNA molecule contains one new strand and one old strand. This mechanism is called semiconservative replication. FIGURE 8.13 A close-up look at the process of DNA replication. (a) As the strands uncoil, bases are added to the newly synthesized strand by complementary base pairing with bases in the template strand. The new bases are linked together by DNA polymerase. (b) DNA synthesis can proceed only in the 5 3 direction; newly synthesized DNA on one template strand is made in short segments and linked together by the enzyme DNA ligase.
Hydrogen bonds are important in DNA replication and transcription. They are relatively weak chemical bonds. Why is this a desirable feature for DNA? Describe the effect (s) of changing (mutating) the promoter on the transcription of the DNA strand/gene the promoter controls. What happens to protein synthesis if a nonsense codon is inserted into the gene? Explain why a point mutation does not necessarily change the original amino acid sequence. (Explain silent mutations) Choose any pentapeptide composed of five different amino acids. List the amino acids. Present one messenger RNA codon for each amino acids and the sequence of nucleotides on the DNA that originally coded for your pentapeptide.
(b) (c) Point mutations in multiple tumor suppressor proteins have been linked to cancer. For example changes in the gene for adenomatous-polyposis-coli protein (APC gene) may result in colorectal cancer. Consider the following DNA sense strand. 3-TAC CGG TTG TGA AGC TGA ATC-5' Derive the mRNA molecule from the given DNA strand sequence above, paying attention to the polarity of the molecule. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Write down the polypeptide chain sequence arising from the mRNA molecule of the question above, using the table of the genetic code (Table Q1 overleaf) and indicate the C- and the N-terminus of the peptide chain. Point mutations of a cytosine (C) often lead to the dysfunction of the APC protein. Write down all possible polypeptide chains that can result from all possible DNA mutations of cytosines, disregarding a mutation in the MET/START and STOP codons. Specify which of the point mutations identified in (d) are redundant? For the given tRNA for Thrombin (Thr) write down all…
What is the process of DNA, RNA, and proteins (in that order) and what is the function of them? Why is DNA produced with Histones?
What would be the effect on DNA synthesis if the telomerase enzyme were inactivated?
Suppose that a rare DNA replication error results in the duplication of a single gene, giving the daughter cell two copies of the same gene. How does this change favor the acquisition of a new function by the daughter cell? The copy can undergo a gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutation without altering the original gene's function. The copy has already-formed domains with biological activity, so new functions do not need to evolve de novo. The duplicated gene increases the rate at which the cell can perform the function encoded by the original gene. The two genes can combine to form a new gene that encodes a protein with a new, additional function. The cell can make additional proteins, which then undergo alterations and can give rise to new functions.
Gene Expression: 14) Look at the diagram: a) For each of the molecules in the diagram, identify what type of molecule they are, and label their ends (3',5',N,C). b) For each arrow, name the process and identify the major enzymes involved. c) Where do each of these activities take place in a bacterial cell? In a eukaryotic cell? Draw a picture if it helps you explain it.
What is the role of the enzyme telomerase? In what kind of cell is it normally most active and most inactive?
Identify whether each of the following descriptions applies to typical prokaryotic genomes only, typical eukaryotic genomes only, both, or neither, according to lecture. Answer options may be used more than once or not at all. Composed of double-stranded DNA only. Each chromosome has a centromere. Species with larger genomes have more genes. [Choose ] [Choose ] prokaryotes only neither eukaryotes or prokaryotes eukaryotes only both prokaryotes and eukaryotes [Choose ]
choose replication, transcription, or translation, both replication and translation , both replication and transcription , or both transcription and translation . For the following ones, -mRNA---> protein -DNA-->RNA -DNA-->DNA -Uses a polymerase -Happens in the nucleus -Happens on ribosomes -Involves AUG start and UAA stop signals -Requires a primer -Involves Okazaki fragments -Involves promoters -can be regulated by chromatin state -uses tRNA in the process