Instructions: Put the following terms into a word map to explain how they are interrelated for DNA structure and DNA replication. Adenine Cytosine Deoxyribose ● DNA DNA helicase DNA polymerase Double helix Lagging strand Leading strand Ligase Guanine Nucleotide Okazaki fragment Phosphate Phosphodiester bond Primase Guidelines for building a word map: Primer Replication fork Semidiscontinuous Single-stranded binding proteins Telomere Template Thymine Topoisomerase II Each word in the list will be a node on the map Every word needs to be connected to at least one other word by a line All connecting lines need a few words to describe the relationship between the words that are being connected To figure out the direction of arrows, think of each relationship between words as sentences. These examples come from the sample Mitosis/Meiosis word map below: O "Mitosis is a type of cell division" "Mitosis produces cells that are diploid" O "Sister chromatids are separated in meiosis"
Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
Instructions and example attached
DNA replication is a complex process of producing copies of the entire chromosome using the template strand for synthesis of new strands involving many enzymes and protein complexes. DNA replication is asymmetrical because one new strand is synthesized continuously, called as the leading strand while the other strand is synthesized discontinuously, called as the lagging strand. This type of replication is known as semi-discontinuous replication. The reasons for such process are: At each growing replication fork, one strand, called the leading strand, is synthesized continuously from a single primer on the leading-strand template and grows in 5'-3' direction. Growth of the leading strand proceeds in the same direction as the movement of the growing fork. But synthesis of the lagging strand is asymmetric process because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of a primer or growing DNA strand. Movement of the growing fork unveils the template strand for lagging strand synthesis in the 5'-3' direction. After 1000-2000 nucleotides of the leading strand have been replicated, the first round of discontinuous or asymmetric strand synthesis on the lagging strand can begin. Short pieces of DNA, called Okazaki fragments are repeatedly synthesized on the lagging strand template.
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