Where would 14C have to be in the starting glucose to ensure that the fermentation process releases all of the 14C label as 14 CO2? The 14C label could be in the C-1 position of glucose. The 14C label could be in the C-2 position of glucose. The 14C label could be in the C-3 position of glucose. The 14C label could be in the C-4 position of glucose. 14C label could be in the C-5 position of glucose. The The 14C label could be in the C-6 position of glucose.
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- Switchgrass is used for ethanol production. The composition of the switchgrass is 37% cellulose, 24% xylan, 3% galactan, 4% arabinan, 20% lignin, 7% extractives, and 5% ash. A dilute acid pretreatment method is applied to the switchgrass before enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. The pretreatment hydrolyzes 10% hexosan and 90% pentosan into monomeric sugars. Approximately 30% of the hydrolyzed pentoses further react & are decomposed to furfural. Assume that there is no decomposition of the hydrolyzed hexoses. Further Assume that lignin, extractives, and ash do not change during the pretreatment. • How much of each lignocellulosic sugar (glucose, xylose, galactose, and arabinose) is produced when pretreating 1,000 kg (dry matter) switchgrass? How much furfural is formed? • Is water consumed or produced in these pretreatment hydrolysis and dehydration reactions? How much in each?You are attempting to create an E. coli mutant that lacks the enzyme to convert 1,3- Bisphosphoglycerate into 3-Phosphoglycerate. Normally you grow your E. coli in a medium with glucose as its only carbon source. What other compound would you need to add to your normal medium in order to allow your mutant E. coli to grow? Pentose phosphate cycle Pentose phosphate Sedobestudose 2 phosphate Enthrise-4phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3phosphate Fructose Erythrose Glycolysis Glucose phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose 1.6 diphosphate Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate 1,30iphosphoglycerate 3Phosphoglycerate Dynwate 2Phosphoglycerate Phosphomolywate Acetyl coenzyme A- Crate Isocrate 20 Oxaloacetate, TCA cycle Fumarate Succinate You don't need to add a second carbon source for your mutant to grow Pyruvate Succinyl coenzyme AA “pulse-chase” experiment using 14C-labeled carbon sources is carried out on a yeast extract maintained under strictly anaerobic conditions to produce ethanol. The experiment consists of incubating a small amount of14C-labeled substrate (the pulse) with the yeast extract just long enough for each intermediate in the fermentation pathway to become labeled. The label is then “chased” through the pathway by the addition of excess unlabeled glucose. The chase effectively prevents any further entry of labeled glucose into the pathway.(a) If [1-14C]glucose (glucose labeled at C-1 with 14C) is used as a substrate, what is the location of 14C in the product ethanol? Explain.(b) Where would 14C have to be located in the starting glucose to ensure that all the 14C activity is liberated as 14CO2 during fermentation to ethanol? Explain.
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- As you know Penicillin is produced biosynthetically from cysteine and valine. If thebiosynthetic pathway could accept different amino acids, why do you think penicillin analogsare not formed during the fermentation process, with different amino acids is used?Please answer the following correctly: i) Salt is often used as a food preservative to prevent bacterial and fungal growth (for example, in country ham). But salt is also important to enhance the flavor of bread when added in small amounts. At what concentration does salt begin to inhibit yeast fermentation? j) Does the food preservative Na benzoate inhibit cellular respiration? k) How do fermentation rates compare for baker's yeast (saccharomyces cerviside) and sourdough yeast, (candida milleri) in different pH environments? l) How do fermentation rates compare for yeast used in brewing most beers (S. cervisiae) and lager (S. pastorianus - a hybrid between S. cervisiae and S.eubaymus)?Figure 1. + Η NaOH, H2O (pKa = 15) heat H + "Да H A pKa = 20 B pKa = 17 D The aldol condensation reaction in Figure 1 is an amazing example of how unfavorable equilibrium processes can be manipulated to generate product in good yields. In this case, the major product is the self-condensation product, D. The next most abundant product is the crossed aldol product, C. There are 2 other less favorable products that could form but are not shown in Figure 1. Draw a plausible electron pushing mechanism to show how product C is formed. Remember, if an alow Stans mom an electron pair, you must explicitly draw those electrons in.