Use the image to answer the question.AMP-PNP is a non-hydrolyzable ATP analog that cannot be metabolized by cells. Taurocholate is a bile acid that helps emulsify fats. When taurocholate is added to hepatocyte cell culture, it accumulates in those cells. The graph below shows the rate of cellular accumulation of the drug taurocholate in the presence of either no ATP, ATP, or AMP-PNP. Based on this data, describe the mechanism by which taurocholate enters the cell. Justify your answer. The bar graph illustrates the rate of a biochemical reaction measured in picomoles per milligram per minute (pmol/mg/min) under three different conditions: no ATP, ATP, and AMP-PNP.1. **No ATP**: The reaction rate is approximately 2 pmol/mg/min.2. **ATP**: The reaction rate significantly increases to about 37 pmol/mg/min.3. **AMP-PNP**: The reaction rate returns to around 2 pmol/mg/min, similar to the no ATP condition.**Explanation**: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) greatly stimulates the reaction rate, indicating its crucial role as an energy source or cofactor in the reaction. In contrast, AMP-PNP, a non-hydrolyzable analog of ATP, does not facilitate the reaction, highlighting the importance of ATP hydrolysis in the process.

Bile is supersaturated with respect to cholesterol and is solubilized by bile salts the soluble end product of cholesterol metabolisms, such as sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate.Secondary active transporters transport a solute upward against its concentration. The transport of one substrate, the bile salts are coupled to the movement of a second substrate, sodium, in a process termed co-transport. Na+/K+ATPase, in the basolateral membrane of the hepatocyte, pumps out 3 Na+ ions in exchange for 2 K+ ions, which creates an outward flow in the electrochemical Na+ gradient. The intracellular negative membrane potential of-35 mV of the hepatocyte provides an electrical gradient for the movement of Na+ into the cell. The taurocholate co-transport (ntcp) is an example of a secondary active transporter. Ntcp is localized to the basolateral domain of the hepatocyte and it uses the outward flow of the electrochemical Na+ gradient to mediate the concentrative uptake of taurocholate, a bile salt, into the hepatocyte and this process is termed symport. It couples the movement of Na+ down its electrochemical concentration gradient with the upward movement of taurocholate and is able to concentrate taurocholate in the hepatocyte.