In a tumor sample with a mutated fumarate dehydrogenase that is less active than the normal isoform, which of these is not an expected consequence? Group of answer choices Decreased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor alpha Decreased antioxidant response Decreased activation of AMPK Decreased activity of Nrf2
Musculoskeletal System
The musculoskeletal system, also called the locomotor system, is an organ system that gives humans and animals the ability to move using their muscular and skeletal systems. It provides stability, form, support, and movement to the body. The skeleton is composed of bones (skeleton), muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. The musculoskeletal system is subdivided into two broad systems, such as the muscular system and the skeletal system.
Skeletal structure
The skeletal system is the core framework of the human body. The skeletal structure comprises bones and connective tissue, including cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. The skeletal structure of our body acts as a support structure. It maintains the body's shape and is responsible for its movement, blood cell formation, protection of organs, and mineral storage. The skeletal system is referred to as the musculoskeletal system.
The correct answer is Decreased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor alpha.
The gene fumarate hydratase (FH) acts as a tumour suppressor. It participates in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle's fumarate to malate conversion process. The buildup of fumarate is caused by a mutant FH that is less active than the normal isoform. A substance called fumarate is thiol-reactive, and it can interact with cysteine residues in proteins to change them.
One of the proteins that can be modified by fumarate is hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF-1α). HIF-1α is a transcription factor that is activated in hypoxic conditions. When HIF-1α is modified by fumarate, it is stabilized and its expression is increased. This leads to the expression of genes that are involved in cell survival and proliferation, such as VEGF and Bcl-2.
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