TLR-4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide in association with the host accessory proteins MD-2 and CD14.  Stimulation of the nucleic acid sensing TLRs that reside in endosomal membranes induces the production of a different cytokine response than is produced by stimulation of the plasma membrane TLRs. In part, this distinction is based on the different adapter proteins used by the nucleic acid sensing TLRs, leading to the activation of IRF factors. The cytokine response following stimulation of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs is characterized by production of: The antiviral cytokine, type I interferon TNF-a, which induces increased vascular permeability Antimicrobial peptides by macrophages Chemokines that recruit neutrophils The inflammatory complement fragments, C3a and C5a

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Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.