Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
The muscle isozyme of lactate dehydrogenase is inhibited by lactate. Steady-state kinetic analysis yielded the following data, with lactate either absent or present at a fixed concentration.
(a) Pyruvate is the substrate whose concentration is varied in one plot,
NADH in the other. Identify each. Use an arrow and the appropriate letter
(b, c, d, or e) to identify each of the following.
(b) Reciprocal of Vmax for the uninhibited enzyme.
(c) The line representing data obtained in the presence of lactate acting as a competitive inhibitor with respect to the variable substrate.
(d) The line representing data obtained in the presence of lactate acting as a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to the variable substrate.
(e) Reciprocal of KM in the presence of lactate acting as a competitive
inhibitor.
(f) If KM for NADH is 2 x 10-5 M, then which of the following is the most
appropriate NADH concentration to use when determining KM for pyruvate: 10-7 M, 10-6 M, 10-5 M, 10-4 M, or 10-3 M?
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