All dehydrogenases of glycolysis and the TCA cycle use NAD* (E° for NAD*/NADHis -0.32V) as electron acceptor except succinate dehydrogenase (which uses FAD (E° forFAD/FADH2 is 0.05V).Based on AG° = -NFEº, show and state (1-2 sentences) why is FAD a more appropriateelectron acceptor than NAD* in the dehydrogenation of succinate (consider the E° values of%3DUptake in Na+VmaxUptake in absence of Na+VmaxsubstrateK: (mM)Kt (mM)L-leucine4200.24230.2D-Leucine3104.754.7L-valine2250.31190.31fumarate/succinate (E° = 0.031), NAD*/NADH, and the succinate dehydrogenaseFAD/FADH2).

The oxidation-reduction reaction is also called the Redox reaction. This reaction involves the…

Answered: All dehydrogenases of glycolysis and…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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The diagram on the right compares the O2 uptake activity of mitochondria isolated from cultures of (wt) STHdhQ7/Q7 and mutant STHDHQ111/Q111 striatal neuronal progenitor cells, as introduced in Question 1. Panels A and B be- long to wt mitochondria and Panels C and D be- long to HD mitochondria. The isotonic medium was buffered to pH 7.4 with inorganic phosphate. Respiration is supported initially by addition of py- ruvate (+ malate) at t = 0, followed by additions of ADP (sufficient to consume all of the O2 in the incubation medium), R (rotenone), S (succinate), and O (oligomycin). For Panels A and C, Ca2+ had been added to a concentration of 0.9 µM, Ca2+ 2. B A WT 400 ADP ADP 450 300 - 300 200 Ca2 10 uM 150 100 - C HD 400 ADP R ADP R SO 450 300 - V s Ca2 10 uM 300 200 - 150 100 - while for mitochondria in Panels B and D, had been added to the medium to a final concen- Time 20 min tration of 10 µM, sufficient to require translocation into the mitochondrial matrix by the Ca2+…
Which of the reactions are spontaneous (favorable)? C6H130,P + ATP → › C6H14º₁₂P2 + ADP AG = -14.2 kJ/mol L-malate + NAD+ → oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ AG = 29.7 kJ/mol glutamate + NAD+ + H₂O → NH‡ + α-ketoglutarate + NADH + H+ AG = 3.7 kcal/mol → CH2O4 + H2O AG = 3.1 kJ/mol * CąHẠO, — CH,O4 + H,O DHAP C₂H + H₂ glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate AG = 3.8 kJ/mol Rh(I) C2H6 AG-150.97 kJ/mol
Refer to Table to explain why FAD rather than NAD+ is used in the succinate dehydrogenase reaction.
Pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes the first step of gluconeogenesis. ATP + HCO3─ + pyruvate → oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi ∆G0’ = ─2.1 kJ mol-1 a) Calculate ΔG for this reaction under the following physiological conditions: 370C, pH 7 [pyruvate] = [HCO3─] = 4.0 mM [oxaloacetate]= 2.0 mM [ATP] = 3.5 mM [Pi] = 5.0 mM [ADP] = 1.8 mM
ATP, like ADP and AMP, is a competitive inhibitor of NADH binding to malate dehydrogenase. Provide a structural explanation for this inhibition.
Under standard conditions, will the following reactions proceed spontaneously as written? (1) Fumarate + NADH + H+ (2) succinate + NAD+ Cyto a (Fe²+) + cyto b (Fe³+) = cyto a (Fe³+) + cyto 6 (Fe²+) b
Below is an image of the Krebs cycle: acetyl-CoA oxaloacetate COASH H20 NADH NAD* H20 malate citrate fumarate isocitrate FADH2 NAD* CO2 FAD АТР NADH + ADP succinate GTP NAD+ a-ketoglutarate H20 GDP NADH + CO2 COASH succinyl CoA COASH Consider the conversion of succinate to fumarate, which is coupled with the production the electron carrier FADH2. If this reaction was NOT coupled with the production of FADH2 (and only catalyzed the conversion of succinate to fumarate), how would this impact ATP production through cell respiration? OATP production would stop because no high energy electron carriers would be produced ATP production would still occur, but there would be a much lower ATP yield because a large number of electron carriers are no longer being made ATP production would stop because without FADH2 we will no longer have electrons moving through the electron transport chain ATP production would still occur, but there would be a slightly lower ATP yield because a small number of…
The enzyme pyruvate carboxylase is discovered in a bacterium that was thought not to contain it; in this case study, you’ll see how researchers study and characterize the enzyme, and, ultimately, show how it fits into a metabolic pathway. Following purification of the PYC enzyme by avidin-Sepharose affinity chromatography, the investigators carried out several experiments to characterize the enzyme. First, they ran samples of the enzyme on denaturing and non-denaturing gels; the results are shown in the figure to the right. In addition, they ran the protein through a calibrated gel filtration column, the results of which indicated that the PYC enzyme had a molecular weight of 540 kiloDaltons. In the figure, the rightmost column are where molecular weight standards of various sizes would occur if they’d been on the gels. The catalytic properties of the PYC enzyme were assessed following purification. The activity of the enzyme was assayed in the presence of ATP, pyruvate, bicarbonate…
(b) number of moles of ATP produced under aerobic glycolysis whereby pyruvate enters the mitochondrion for oxidative decarboxylation to generate acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle. Write the reac- tions for each step using words. They need not be balanced with respect to charge, protons released or consumed, and stoichiometry. Consider 2.5 ATP/NADH oxidized and 1.5 ATP/FADH2 oxidized. Enzymes need not be named. Compare the number of moles of ATP that are produced under anaerobic glycolysis to the Of the reactions producing ATP in the mitochondrion listed in part (b) above, which are not (c) influenced by the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Why does methotrexate prevent import of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) into mitochondria?
Consider the following redox reaction: lactate + NAD = pyruvate + NADH + H+ The relevant reductive half reactions are as follows: pyruvate + 2e + 2H+ lactate NAD+ + 2e+ H* = NADH E' -0.185 V = E' -0.320 V What is the AE' of the redox reaction? -0.505 V -0.135 V 0.135 V ○ 0.505 V
If α-ketoglutarate is removed from TCA cycle and used to make glutamate, how many of each of the cofactors (not intermediates) and high energy molecules in the TCA cycle are lost? How much ATP does this equate to (NADH = 2.5 ATP, FADH2 = 1.5 ATP)?

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