### Spontaneity of Reactions Under Standard ConditionsUnder standard conditions, will the following reactions proceed spontaneously as written?#### (1) \[ \text{Fumarate} + \text{NADH} + \text{H}^+ \rightleftharpoons \text{succinate} + \text{NAD}^+ \]#### (2) \[ \text{Cyto a} \left(\text{Fe}^{2+}\right) + \text{cyto b} \left(\text{Fe}^{3+}\right) \rightleftharpoons \text{cyto a} \left(\text{Fe}^{3+}\right) + \text{cyto b} \left(\text{Fe}^{2+}\right) \]### Explanation of Reactions#### Reaction 1:This reaction involves the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ and the reduction of fumarate to succinate. The spontaneity of this reaction under standard conditions depends on the standard reduction potentials (E°) of the involved species. #### Reaction 2: This reaction represents electron transfer between two cytochromes. Specifically, cytochrome a (Fe²⁺) is oxidized to cytochrome a (Fe³⁺), while cytochrome b (Fe³⁺) is reduced to cytochrome b (Fe²⁺). The spontaneity of this reaction under standard conditions also depends on the standard reduction potentials of the cytochromes involved. ### Determining SpontaneityFor both reactions, one would need to compare the standard reduction potentials (E°) of the reactants and products. If the overall cell potential (E° cell) is positive, the reaction is spontaneous under standard conditions, and if it is negative, the reaction is non-spontaneous under standard conditions.

In a biological oxidation-reduction reaction, electrons move from electron donor to electron…

Answered: Under standard conditions, will the…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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When pure reduced cytochrome c is added to carefully prepared mitochondria along with ADP, Pi, antimycin A, and oxygen, the cytochrome c becomes oxidized, and ATP is formed, with a P/O ratio approaching 1.0.(a) Indicate the probable flow of electrons in this system.(b) Why was antimycin A added?(c) What does this experiment tell you about the location of coupling sitesfor oxidative phosphorylation?(d) Write a balanced equation for the overall reaction (including cyt c oxidation and ATP synthesis).(e) Calculate ΔG°′ for the above reaction, using E′0 values from Table 14.1and a ΔG°′ value for ATP hydrolysis of -32.2 kJ/mol.
To carefully prepared mitochondria were added succinate, oxidized cytochrome c, ADP, orthophosphate, and sodium cyanide. The overall balanced equation is: succinate + 2 cyt c(ox) + ADP + Pi --> fumarate + 2 cyt c(red) + ATP + H2O The standard state free energy of this system is O -10.3 kJ/mol 42.5 kJ/mol O 10.3 kJ/mol -42.5 kJ/mol
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A dialyzed pigeon liver extract will catalyze the conversion of acetyl-CoAto palmitate and CoASH if supplied with Mg2+, NADPH, ATP, HCO3-, andcitrate.(a) If H14CO3– is supplied, what compounds will become labeled (permanently or transiently) during the course of the reaction? In whatcompounds will 14C accumulate?(b) Explain the role of citrate in this reaction.
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Under standard conditions, will the following reactions proceed spontaneously as written? (1) Fumarate + NADH + H+ (2) succinate + NAD+ Cyto a (Fe²+) + cyto b (Fe³+) = cyto a (Fe³+) + cyto b (Fe²+)