Starting with glucose, there are five steps in the EMP/TCA metabolic pathways that produce NADH (which isconverted to ATP or energy). Use class notes, Shuler, Kargi and DeLisa book, or the internet.1.A. Draw the chemical structures of the reactant(s) and product(s); as well as a balanced chemical reaction forthe step in the TCA (Krebs) cycle where isocitrate is converted to a-ketoglutarate (step 3 in the classnotes). (You don't need to draw the structures of coenzyme A (COA), NAD* or NADH.)B. What enzymes catalyze steps 3 and 5 in the Kreb's cycle from the class notes?C. Would you categorize step 8 in the TCA cycle where malate is converted to oxaloacetate as an oxidation orreduction of malate?D. Considering that some energy is spent transporting acetyl-CoA to mitochondria, how much net energy (inkcal) is produced by converting 15 mol of glucose to CO₂ in the glycolysis & Krebs cycle pathways?E. How many kcals of energy from oxidizing 15 mol of glucose to CO₂ (your answer to part D) are produced instep 10 of the EMP pathway, converting phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate? (Recall that each mol ofglucose forms 2 mol pyruvate; and you may assume that 1 mol of NADH₂ is equivalent to 3 mol ATP)

Glycolysis or EMP (Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas) is the breakdown of one molecule of glucose into two…

Answered: Starting with glucose, there are five…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Using the following glycolisis diagram, a. name all the steps in citric acid cycle, what are the intermediates. refer to the diagram given. b. Is glycolysis endothermic or exothermic.
Refer to Table to explain why FAD rather than NAD+ is used in the succinate dehydrogenase reaction.
For each step of the citric acid cycle, name the enzyme responsible for the chemical transformation that occurs and classify the enzyme type: Step 1. Step 2. Step 3. Step 4. Step 5. Step 6. Step 7. Step 8. i. oxidoreductase (oxidases, reductases, dehydrogenases) ii. transferase (transaminases, kinses) iii. hydrolase (lipases, proteases, nucleases, carbohydrases, phosphateses) iv. lyase (dehydratase, decarboxylase, deaminase, hydratase) v. isomerase (racemases, mutases) vi. ligase (synthetases, carboxylaces) Enzyme Name Enzyme Type
Using diagrams show the pathway that is used to convert succinate to phosphoenol-pyruvate, which can be used to make glucose through gluconeogenesis. Be sure to show the structure of all of the intermediates along the pathway and show the name of each enzyme over the arrow. Also be sure to indicate other co-substrates or cofactors required (ie. ATP, NAD+, FAD, etc…)
● 1.) Draw out the pathway for the biosynthesis of the following glycerophospholipid starting with choline, glycerol and the component fatty acids as it occurs in the liver tissue. Show the structures of all reactants and products, as well as the names of the enzymes. You do not need to draw the structures of ATP, NAD+, CoA, etc., but do show them as reactants or products in the appropriate places. You do not need to show the mechanisms of the enzymes. What is the name of the phospholipid? Us jure O • DISM 91 3.C6H3 UG OSEMSA QE F CH₂ CABJAD C-H H H₂C-O-P-0- ACELOj Pro ! H₂ C 212 32 CH3 f H3C -N-CH3
Answer a to d for amine reaction
7) The following questions apply to glycolysis (figure 3-41 on page 79 of the 12th edition), the Krebs cycle (figure 3-44 on page 82) and to oxidative phosphorylation (figure 3-45 on page 84). Calculate the total amount of ATP produced from one glucose molecule if: a. The oxidation of NADH + H* to NAD* + 2H* produced 4 ATP. b. The oxidation of FADH₂ to FAD + 2H* produced 1 ATP. c. Each step of the Krebs cycle that produces NADH+H* produced FADH2 instead. d. Each step of the Krebs cycle that produces FADH2 produced NADH + H+ instead. e. Sucrose is substituted for glucose.
Under standard conditions, will the following reactions proceed spontaneously as written? (1) Fumarate + NADH + H+ (2) succinate + NAD+ Cyto a (Fe²+) + cyto b (Fe³+) = cyto a (Fe³+) + cyto 6 (Fe²+) b
Convert the following reactions into "Metabolic Engineering" notation: C6H1206 + 2 H20 → 2 C2H60 + 2 HCO3 + 2 H* b. ATP + glucose > glucose-6-phosphate + ADP 3.
The enzyme pyruvate carboxylase is discovered in a bacterium that was thought not to contain it; in this case study, you’ll see how researchers study and characterize the enzyme, and, ultimately, show how it fits into a metabolic pathway. Following purification of the PYC enzyme by avidin-Sepharose affinity chromatography, the investigators carried out several experiments to characterize the enzyme. First, they ran samples of the enzyme on denaturing and non-denaturing gels; the results are shown in the figure to the right. In addition, they ran the protein through a calibrated gel filtration column, the results of which indicated that the PYC enzyme had a molecular weight of 540 kiloDaltons. In the figure, the rightmost column are where molecular weight standards of various sizes would occur if they’d been on the gels. The catalytic properties of the PYC enzyme were assessed following purification. The activity of the enzyme was assayed in the presence of ATP, pyruvate, bicarbonate…
GAP + Pi + NAD+ ⟹1,3-BPG + NADH (Reaction 1) 1,3-BPG + ADP ⟹ 3-PG + ATP (Reaction 2) Which of the following statements concerning the information above is true? Select all that apply. A.Reaction 2 is an example of substrate level phosphorylation B.These reactions are written in a direction that would indicate gluconeogenesis is occurring in the liver C.The linking of Reaction 1 and Reaction 2 by the intermediate 1,3-BPG is an example of coupling of reactions D.Reaction 1 shows a redox reaction where the carbon skeleton is oxidized to generate electrons for a soluble electron carrier E.These reactions are irreversible under cellular conditions
Biological oxidation refers to the process in which organisms oxidize and decompose organic matter to produce carbon dioxide and water and release energy. Common forms in human body are (1) direct transfer of hydrogen atoms, or (2) adding water first and then dehydrogenation (i.e. indirect oxygen addition). Please give one example of each metabolic pathway, and ask for the names of specific substrates, products and enzymes.

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