(a). electron transport chain, explain why pyruvate was added together with malate. For what metabolic reason is the addition of malate necessary? Although the oxidation of both pyruvate and malate generates NADH as a substrate of the (b) ase complex. Using words and the standard abbreviations for the cofactors, write the sequence of steps that convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2. There are five cofactors associated with the enzymatic action of the pyruvate dehydrogen- (c) similarly to wt mitochondria in the presence of low concentrations of Ca2*. However, under high co- centrations of Ca2* (10 µM), the HD mitochondria exhibit decreased rate of O2 uptake, as illustrated in Panel D. Which enzymes of the citric acid cycle are allosterically activated by Ca²*? Explain which enzyme is responsible for the low rate of respiration. Panels A and C illustrate that the respiratory behavior of the mutant HD mitochondria function
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
![The diagram on the right compares
the O2 uptake activity of mitochondria isolated
from cultures of (wt) STHdhQ7/Q7 and mutant
STHDHQ111/Q111 striatal neuronal progenitor cells,
as introduced in Question 1. Panels A and B be-
long to wt mitochondria and Panels C and D be-
long to HD mitochondria. The isotonic medium
was buffered to pH 7.4 with inorganic phosphate.
Respiration is supported initially by addition of py-
ruvate (+ malate) at t = 0, followed by additions
of ADP (sufficient to consume all of the O2 in the
incubation medium), R (rotenone), S (succinate),
and O (oligomycin). For Panels A and C, Ca2+
had been added to a concentration of 0.9 µM,
Ca2+
2.
B
A
WT 400
ADP
ADP
450
300 -
300
200
Ca2
10 uM
150
100 -
C
HD 400
ADP R
ADP
R SO
450
300 - V s
Ca2
10 uM
300
200 -
150
100 -
while for mitochondria in Panels B and D,
had been added to the medium to a final concen-
Time
20 min
tration of 10 µM, sufficient to require translocation into the mitochondrial matrix by the Ca2+ Uniporter.
Oxygen [µM]](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F24b1d657-8a50-4e7c-90a8-6e71b5a64daf%2Fa922f35f-cb0b-45be-aba2-fd3b2a3ff9d8%2Fvpy6i2s_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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