### Understanding Rubber Toughened Polystyrene (PS)#### TEM Micrograph AnalysisThe figure below shows a Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) micrograph of a rubber-toughened polystyrene (PS) orthotic. In this process, rubber particles are added to the polystyrene to enhance its toughness. The rubber particles are essential as they absorb energy and promote the formation of crazes, which are micro-voids that contribute to a material’s impact resistance. There are visible rubber particles in the TEM micrograph, marked by arrows for easier identification. Although the inclusion of rubber enhances toughness, it's important to note that the rubber, with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of -60°C, can lower the Tg of PS, which initially has a Tg of 100°C.![TEM Micrograph of Rubber Toughened Polystyrene](image_link)### Questions for Exploration**a. Calculation Based on Weight Percentages:**- **Question:** Assume that the initial Tg of the PS is 80°C. How much would the Tg decrease if 40 weight percent of the rubber was added to the PS? **b. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Curves:**- **Question:** Sketch the DSC curves of the initial PS before and after the addition of the rubber.### Detailed Explorations**Calculating Tg Decrease:**To solve part (a), one would need to consider the rule of mixtures for Tg estimates in polymer blends. A simple first approximation can be made using the weighted average of the Tg values of the individual components.\[Tg_{blend} = W_{PS} \times Tg_{PS} + W_{rubber} \times Tg_{rubber} \]Where: - \(Tg_{blend}\) is the glass transition temperature of the blend,- \(W_{PS}\) and \(W_{rubber}\) are the weight fractions of polystyrene and rubber respectively,- \(Tg_{PS}\) and \(Tg_{rubber}\) are the glass transition temperatures of pure polystyrene and rubber.Substituting the provided values:\[ W_{PS} = 0.60, \quad Tg_{PS} = 80°C \]\[ W_{rubber} = 0.40, \quad Tg_{rubber} = -60°C \]\[ Tg_{blend} = (0.60 \times

Diffrential scanning calorimetry: Differential scanning calorimetry is a technique in which the…

The figure below shows TEM micrograph of a rubber toughened polystyrene (PS) orthotic (i.e. rubber particles were added to increase the toughness of the PS. The rubber particles are indicated by arrows. These rubber particles promote the formation of crazes which absorb energy, leading to a material with higher impact resistance. The rubber, which has a Tg of -60°C, can decrease the Tg of the PS (which has a Tg of 100C), however. Assume that the initial Tg of the PS is 80°C. How much would the Tg decrease if 40 weight percent of the rubber was added to PS? b. Sketch dsc curves of the initial PS before and after addition of the rubber.

The figure below shows TEM micrograph of a rubber toughened polystyrene (PS) orthotic (i.e. rubber particles were added to increase the toughness of the PS. The rubber particles are indicated by arrows. These rubber particles promote the formation of crazes which absorb energy, leading to a material with higher impact resistance. The rubber, which has a Tg of -60°C, can decrease the Tg of the PS (which has a Tg of 100C), however. Assume that the initial Tg of the PS is 80°C. How much would the Tg decrease if 40 weight percent of the rubber was added to PS? b. Sketch dsc curves of the initial PS before and after addition of the rubber.

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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