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List one example of AMPLIFICATION OF SIGNAL during the cell’s response to Hedgehog

List one example of AMPLIFICATION OF SIGNAL during the cell’s response to Hedgehog

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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1. List one example of AMPLIFICATION OF SIGNAL during the cell’s response to Hedgehog. Make
sure to write out full steps and not just the name of a protein. Do not choose the example from
2h or 2i if you chose amplification of signal as your answer to those questions.

 

The mechanism of Ci/Gli cleavage to release the repressor and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of the transcription activator subunit is also unclear. In the absence of Hedgehog signaling, the Ci/Gli protein is localized to microtubules in the cytosol by two other proteins, called Fu and Cos2. A set of kinases phosphorylate proteins in the complex, which allows Ci/Gli to be recognized by the ubiquitin ligase (called Slimb in Drosophila). Proteolysis which only destroys the transcription activator subunit of Ci/Gli, releasing Ci/GliR (the transcription repressor). Activation of Smoothened allows Fu and Cos2 to bind to Smoothened on the plasma membrane, somehow freeing Ci/Gli from phosphorylation and ubiquitylation. Ci/Gli then travels to the nucleus. Because this signaling pathway is complicated and has a lot of unknowns, you can find Dr. Slenn's more detailed drawing of the canonical signaling pathway below. Hedge hog plasma membrane Smoothened Fu Cos 2 Does not happen when Smoothened is active, potenti ally because Smoothened binds to Fu and Casa Slimb various kinases CIR Fo Cos2 microtubule (CiR CiR proteasome CiR CiR transcription "of tor get genes enhancer Hedgehog can also signal through non-canonical pathways that do not involve Ci/Gli. Smoothened is technically a GPCR, though its activating ligand is unknown, and the best studied result of Smoothened activation does not depend on G-proteins. However, Smoothened does activate G-proteins in some cells. The activated G-protein binds to phospholipase C, turning it on. Through a series of steps that includes the opening of calcium channels on the endoplasmic reticulum and regulation of several other proteins, the actin cytoskeleton rearranges, leading to cell movement and changes in cell shape. Additionally, Patched can activate other non-canonical intracellular signaling pathways that do not involve Smoothened at all (not discussed on this project). 3 12 Patched
Transcribed Image Text:The mechanism of Ci/Gli cleavage to release the repressor and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of the transcription activator subunit is also unclear. In the absence of Hedgehog signaling, the Ci/Gli protein is localized to microtubules in the cytosol by two other proteins, called Fu and Cos2. A set of kinases phosphorylate proteins in the complex, which allows Ci/Gli to be recognized by the ubiquitin ligase (called Slimb in Drosophila). Proteolysis which only destroys the transcription activator subunit of Ci/Gli, releasing Ci/GliR (the transcription repressor). Activation of Smoothened allows Fu and Cos2 to bind to Smoothened on the plasma membrane, somehow freeing Ci/Gli from phosphorylation and ubiquitylation. Ci/Gli then travels to the nucleus. Because this signaling pathway is complicated and has a lot of unknowns, you can find Dr. Slenn's more detailed drawing of the canonical signaling pathway below. Hedge hog plasma membrane Smoothened Fu Cos 2 Does not happen when Smoothened is active, potenti ally because Smoothened binds to Fu and Casa Slimb various kinases CIR Fo Cos2 microtubule (CiR CiR proteasome CiR CiR transcription "of tor get genes enhancer Hedgehog can also signal through non-canonical pathways that do not involve Ci/Gli. Smoothened is technically a GPCR, though its activating ligand is unknown, and the best studied result of Smoothened activation does not depend on G-proteins. However, Smoothened does activate G-proteins in some cells. The activated G-protein binds to phospholipase C, turning it on. Through a series of steps that includes the opening of calcium channels on the endoplasmic reticulum and regulation of several other proteins, the actin cytoskeleton rearranges, leading to cell movement and changes in cell shape. Additionally, Patched can activate other non-canonical intracellular signaling pathways that do not involve Smoothened at all (not discussed on this project). 3 12 Patched
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