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How much more does cytokine 2 gene expression change in severe COVID-19 patients than in mild COVID-19 patients? cytokine 2: What can the researchers conclude from these data? fold change that increased cytokine 2 expression levels are the likely cause of cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 patients that cytokine storm symptoms are likely caused by decreased expression of cytokine 1 in COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients that cytokine 2 expression is increased in severe COVID-19 patients but cytokine 1 expression is not significantly different between severe and mild COVID-19 patients that cytokine 1 is not a factor in the negative outcome of severe COVID-19 patients

How much more does cytokine 2 gene expression change in severe COVID-19 patients than in mild COVID-19 patients? cytokine 2: What can the researchers conclude from these data? fold change that increased cytokine 2 expression levels are the likely cause of cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 patients that cytokine storm symptoms are likely caused by decreased expression of cytokine 1 in COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients that cytokine 2 expression is increased in severe COVID-19 patients but cytokine 1 expression is not significantly different between severe and mild COVID-19 patients that cytokine 1 is not a factor in the negative outcome of severe COVID-19 patients

Biochemistry
Biochemistry
9th Edition
ISBN:9781319114671
Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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© Macmillan Learning The coronavirus pandemic that first emerged in 2019 resulted in a large number of people contracting the COVID-19 disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although a large percentage of those infected experienced only mild symptoms, a significant percentage of individuals without complicating health conditions fell seriously ill or died. Suppose researchers hypothesize that a phenomenon called "cytokine storm" may contribute to having a more severe illness from COVID-19 disease. Cytokines normally direct the immune system to sites of infection in the body and increase inflammation. However, in cytokine storm, excessive cytokines and inflammation leads to hyperinflammation that can cause damage to the tissues. The researchers propose that otherwise healthy patients who have a severe reaction to COVID-19 infection may be experiencing cytokine storm. The researchers analyze qPCR data from confirmed COVID-19 patients with mild symptoms and patients with severe symptoms. They also analyze patients with mild symptoms confirmed to have the common cold. Patients with the common cold typically do not develop cytokine storm. The researchers summarize the fold change in the gene expression levels for two hypothetical cytokines. qPCR fold change in cytokine gene expression Patient population COVID-19 mild COVID-19 severe non-COVID-19 mild non-COVID-19 severe Cytokine 1 4.9 4.8 5.1 5.5 Cytokine 2 3.8 15.2 4.4 4.6
Transcribed Image Text:© Macmillan Learning The coronavirus pandemic that first emerged in 2019 resulted in a large number of people contracting the COVID-19 disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although a large percentage of those infected experienced only mild symptoms, a significant percentage of individuals without complicating health conditions fell seriously ill or died. Suppose researchers hypothesize that a phenomenon called "cytokine storm" may contribute to having a more severe illness from COVID-19 disease. Cytokines normally direct the immune system to sites of infection in the body and increase inflammation. However, in cytokine storm, excessive cytokines and inflammation leads to hyperinflammation that can cause damage to the tissues. The researchers propose that otherwise healthy patients who have a severe reaction to COVID-19 infection may be experiencing cytokine storm. The researchers analyze qPCR data from confirmed COVID-19 patients with mild symptoms and patients with severe symptoms. They also analyze patients with mild symptoms confirmed to have the common cold. Patients with the common cold typically do not develop cytokine storm. The researchers summarize the fold change in the gene expression levels for two hypothetical cytokines. qPCR fold change in cytokine gene expression Patient population COVID-19 mild COVID-19 severe non-COVID-19 mild non-COVID-19 severe Cytokine 1 4.9 4.8 5.1 5.5 Cytokine 2 3.8 15.2 4.4 4.6
How much more does cytokine 2 gene expression change in severe COVID-19 patients than in mild COVID-19 patients? cytokine 2: What can the researchers conclude from these data? fold change that increased cytokine 2 expression levels are the likely cause of cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 patients that cytokine storm symptoms are likely caused by decreased expression of cytokine 1 in COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients that cytokine 2 expression is increased in severe COVID-19 patients but cytokine 1 expression is not significantly different between severe and mild COVID-19 patients that cytokine 1 is not a factor in the negative outcome of severe COVID-19 patients
Transcribed Image Text:How much more does cytokine 2 gene expression change in severe COVID-19 patients than in mild COVID-19 patients? cytokine 2: What can the researchers conclude from these data? fold change that increased cytokine 2 expression levels are the likely cause of cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 patients that cytokine storm symptoms are likely caused by decreased expression of cytokine 1 in COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients that cytokine 2 expression is increased in severe COVID-19 patients but cytokine 1 expression is not significantly different between severe and mild COVID-19 patients that cytokine 1 is not a factor in the negative outcome of severe COVID-19 patients
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