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- In a few sentences, describe how p53 guards the genome. Include at least two specific ways that p53 guards the genome. In a few more sentences, describe the structure and function of the p53 protein. Structure: what domains are present in the p53 protein? Do p53 work as a single protein or as part of a complex? Function: what do the different domains do? How can p53 do so many different things?is the p53 protein an activator or a repressor? How do you know?What role does p53 signaling play in normal cells?
- Why is it important that cell surface markers be similar when transplanting donor tissue into a host? How do the alleles of the glycosyltransferase (GT) gene control the presence of A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells?What is the main lincRNA involved in X-inactivation, and what is known about its function?In addition, when ARF is artificially expressed in normal cells, a rapid increase in p53 levels is observed. Studies have demonstrated that ARF, when expressed, is associated with Mdm2. When associated, the two proteins display a particular pattern of localization restricted to the nucleolus. Suggest a mechanism by which ARF leads to p53 build-up.
- D) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TPS3 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardlan of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing t0o fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will not…D) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardian of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing too fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. eg Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will…what are the rolls that the p53 gene and RAS protein take on when trying to stop a cancer cell from further replicating. Also, what would happen if a mutation were to occur in both genes?
- Identify two genetic mechanisms whereby proto-oncogenes can become overexpressed. Select the two mechanisms. Identify two genetic mechanisms whereby proto-oncogenes can become overexpressed.Select the two mechanisms. 1) alterations in chromatin structure 2) a gain-of-function alteration 3)modification of proto-oncogenes products 4)mutations that result in an abnormal protein product 5)mutations within gene-regulatory regionsWhich are the events causing loss-of-heterozygosity in somatic cells of RB+/RB− individuals?Do you think there are more unique alleles of p53 that lead to cancer or more unique alleles of Ras that lead to cancer? Please explain.