Calculate the free energy required to move 1 mol of K* ions from inside the cell(where concentration of K+= 0.063 M) to the outside the cell (where concentration K+=0.17 M). The membrane potential is -0.05 V and the temperature is 303.06 K.K+ (inside cell) → K* (outside cell)

To calculate the free energy required to move 1 mol of K+ ions from inside the cell to the outside,…

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Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter4: Principles Of Neural And Hormonal Communication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 3SQE

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One of the important uses of the Nernst equation is in describing the flow of ions across plasma membranes. Ions move under the influence of two forces: the concentration gradient (given in electrical units by the Nernst equation) and the electrical gradient (given by the membrane voltage). This is summarized by Ohms law: Ix=Gx(VmEx) which describes the movement of ion x across the membrane. I is the current in amperes (A); G is the conductance, a measure of the permeability of x, in Siemens (S), which is I/V;Vm is the membrane voltage; and Ex is the equilibrium potential of ion x. Not only does this equation tell how large the current is, but it also tells what direction the current is flowing. By convention, a negative value of the current represents either a positive ion entering the cell or a negative ion leaving the cell. The opposite is true of a positive value of the current. a. Using the following information, calculate the magnitude of Na [ Na+ ]0=145mM,[ Na+ ]i=15mM,Gna+=1nS,Vm=70mV b. Is Na+ entering or leaving the cell? c. Is Na+ moving with or against the concentration gradient? Is it moving with or against the electrical gradient?
Calculate the change in Gibbs free energy for transport of Ca2+ from outside to inside the cell. The extracellular Ca2+ concentration is 135 uM, and the intracellular Ca2+ concentration is 98 uM. The membrane potential is -22 mV and the temperature is 37°C. O. -5.1 kJ/mol O 1.2 kJ/mol -410 kJ/mol 3.4 kJ/mol
In the situations described below, what is the free energy change if 1 mole of Na+ is transported across a membrane from a region where the concentration is 48 μM to a region where it is 110 mM? (Assume T=37∘C.) In the absence of a membrane potential.
For a typical vertebrate cell with a membrane potential of −0.070 V (inside negative), what is the free-energy change for transporting 1 mol of Na+ from the cell into the blood at 37 °C? Assume the concentration of Na+ insidethe cell is 12 mM and in blood plasma it is 145 mM.
Calculate the energy required for, or released in, a transport of 20 Na+ ions and of 100 molecules of glucose into a biological cell at 37 oC if the membrane potential is –50 mV (negative inside the cell), the concentrations of Na+ and glucose inside the cell are 0.001mol L-1 and 0.01mol L-1 consequently and the concentrations of Na+ and glucose outside of the cell are 0.1mol L-1 and 0.001mol L-1 consequently.
Consider the transport of K+ ions from a surrounding fluid (where [K + ] = 30 mM) into a cell (where [K + ] = 420 mM) where the membrane electrical potential is -0.15 V. Is this process favorable?
Use the appropriate equation to calculate the free energy change for the movement of Nat into the depolarized nerve cell where the membrane potential is +50mV and the Nain/Naout ratio is 7.3/1. Assume the temperature is 37°C. Stop! For full credit: 1. Enter your answer in kJ, kilojoules. 2. Do not put units in the box. 3. Round your answer to the nearest tenth. If your calculator permits, do not round until the end for the sake of continuity. 4. If your answer is negative, include the sign and number with no space.
The resting membrane potential of a typical animal cell is about –70 mV, and the thickness of a lipid bilayer is about 4.5 nm. What is the strength of the electric field across the membrane in V/cm? What do you suppose would happen if you applied this field strength to two metal electrodes separated by a 1-cm air gap?
Suppose that the concentration of CI outside the cell is 100 and inside the cell is 10 mmol/liter. The Nernst equation at 20°C is: Eton = 58 millivolts/z- [10810 (m)] [lonlin You set the membrane voltage at 0 millivolts using a voltage clamp, and measure membrane current. If Cl is the only ion crossing the membrane, you would expect to see: Onegative charges flowing into the cell negative charges flow out of the cell 0 current the membrane hyperpolarizes (becomes more negative)
In the Nernst equation [V = 62 log10 (Co/ Ci)], the term Ci represents: the extracellular concentration of potassium the extracellular concentration of sodium the membrane potential (in millivolts) the intracellular concentration of calcium the intracellular concentration of potassium Which of the following ions must be kept to very low concentrations within the cell cytoplasm in order to allow for enough substrate molecules to synthesize nucleotides and nucleic acids? HCO3- (bicarbonate) Ca2+ (calcium) PO43- (phosphate) Na+ (sodium) K+ (potassium)
Table K₁ (T1) Vmax (T1) Kt (T2) Vmax (T2) 1 1.12 mM 125 nmole/min None of the above. 3.0 mM 130 nmole/min Based on these values, what are your conclusions? O T1 is most likely a cell that expresses a high affinity transporter for glucose. T2 is most likely a cell that expresses a high affinity transporter for glucose. T1 must be a cell expressing the insulin-dependent glucose transporter. Each transporter has a similar Vmax and therefore both T1 and T2 are the same cell type.
yeasts are able to produce high internal concentrations of glycerol to counteract the osmotic pressure of the surrounding media. suppose that a sample of yeast cells were placed in a 4% sodium chloride solution by weight. The density of solution is at 25 C = 1.02 g/ml, Molecular weight of solute = 58.44 g/mol, i of glycerol = 1 and R=0.08205 L-atm/mol-K What is the weight of solute in grams What is the moles of solute What is the volume of the solution in liters What is the molarity of the solution What is the value of the temperature to be used to solved for the osmotic pressure of the solution What is the osmotic pressure of solution

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