The antibiotic valinomycin is an ionophore that forms a specific complex with potassium ion. Because the complex is lipophilic and can diffuse into the membrane, valinomycin brings about the transport of K+ through the inner membrane. Valinomycin acts by decreasing the ∆ψ (membrane potential) component of the pmf, without a direct effect on the pH gradient. Another antibiotic, nigericin, acts as a K+ >H+ antiporter; itcarries H+ in one direction, coupled with the reverse transport of K+. Thus,nigericin dissipates the pH component of the pmf, with little effect on ∆c.Which antibiotic, nigericin or valinomycin, do you predict would have thegreater effect on oxidative phosphorylation when administered to respiring mitochondria? Assume the antibiotics are added to a suspension of mitochondria in equimolar amounts. Briefly explain your reasoning.

Q: Nhat type of system is this? O Steady State Diffusionn, no reaction Unsteady State Diffusion O…

A: Answer: SALT CONCENTRATION: A  solution carries a amount of salt is called hypertonic solution where…

Q: What is the energy requirement to transport 3 mol of Na+ across the membrane by the Nat-K+ ATPase…

A: As we see in the above question that the ion concentration difference of K+ from out side to inside…

Q: SNAT2 (a membrane protein) determines the cell’s content of most amino acids. It acts as a symport…

A: SNAT2 is a membrane protein that plays a crucial role in determining the cell's content of most…

Q: in its cell membrane has been added to a solution that contains 0.5 M glucose and 2.8 M NaCl. The…

A: Activated protein may help in the transport of Polar molecules. This is eventually assisted by…

Q: Compare and differentiate the three transport systems in bacteria (simple transport,…

A: Simple transport is a form of passive transport that does not require ATP to be utilized to…

Q: Uniporters and ion channels allow the movement of ions across cellular membranes. While both are…

A: Ion channels are membrane proteins that produce pores that enable ions to flow through. A uniporter…

Q: In the two competition study experiments below, what can you say about the relative affinities of…

A: From both the given figures, it can be stated that the relative binding affinity of the labeled…

Q: Some antibiotics act as carriers that bind an ion on one side of a membrane, diffuse through the…

A: The fluidity of lipid bilayer membranes increase with an increase in temperature. So, a decrease in…

Q: Molecular diameters of proteins IgG and TNFα are 11.2 nm and 4.4 nm, respectively. The  diffusion…

A: Stokes-Einstein equation is the relationship between radius and diffusion coefficient of a substance…

Q: In the experimental conditions described below, how many molecules of dextrose do you have to add to…

A: Osmosis is defined as the movement of solvent particles from a region of higher concentration to a…

Q: Ouabain is a specific inhibitor of the active transport of sodium ions out of the cell and is…

A: Active transport of substances requires energy.

Q: Gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes are two distinct types of direct intracellular communication.…

A: Answer:- The right option to this question is 1. gap junctions provide a portal for small molecules,…

Q: In the experimental conditions described below, how many molecules of dextrose do you have to add to…

A: Osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of solute particles in a solution. It is expressed in…

Q: A cell with a K+1 concentration of 0.3 eq/L, and a Na+1 concentration of 0.1 mol/L is placed into a…

A: The transport of molecules and ions across a cell membrane is an essential process for the cell to…

Q: In the experimental conditions described below, how many molecules of dextrose do you have to add to…

A: Iso-osmotic solutions have the same particle concentration and thus exert equal osmotic pressures.

Q: average membrane pore radius for this membrane using this information.

A: Given, Average radii=1nm Conc. of filtrate = 2.17 g/L Conc. of feed-side surface = 8.52 g/L Mass…

Q: In the stomach, parietal cells are responsible for the formation of the gastric juice. During acid…

A: The difference in electric potential between the interior and exterior of a biological cell is known…

Q: It is typically sufficient to rupture cells when the solute concentration is reduced from 0.15M to…

A: Osmotic pressure is the pressure that develops when two solutions of different concentrations are…

Q: Enalaprilat is a competitive inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACEACE), which cleaves…

A: In competitive inhibition, a molecule that resembles the substrate but is unable to be acted on by…

Q: Determine Km, Vmax, and kcat (in 1/s) for VF-6-2 efflux out of vesicles made from DV membranes with…

A: Hi! Thanks for your question. As you have not provided the total concentration of enzyme, it is not…

Q: The membrane transport protein Na+-K+ ATPase carries both Na+ and K+ ions across the plasma…

A: The membrane transport protein Na+-K+ ATPase is required for cellular activity. It is essential for…

Q: Liver cells are in contact with the blood and exchange a variety of substances with the blood plasma…

A: Plasma membrane is not permeable to all molecules. charge molecules are not permeable to plasma…

Q: Following the production of membrane extracts using the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100, you…

A: The methods for cell disruption are host-dependent, and the techniques for recovering membrane…

Q: A particular error in the CFTR gene results in the replacement of the amino acid Phe with Ser at…

A: Cystic fibrosis is a type of autosomal recessive disorder which causes improper ion transport &…

Q: Ion transporters are “linked” together—not physi-cally, but as a consequence of their actions. For…

A: Introduction Our body contains different types of ions such as Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Chloride,…

Q: Which of the following is CORRECT concerning the ABC transporter proteins? O They do not undergo…

A: ABC transporters belongs to the ATP binding cassette transporters superfamily.

Q: In the experimental conditions described below, how many molecules of dextrose do you have to add to…

A: Iso-osmolarity refers to the condition where two solutions have the same osmolarity. Osmolarity is a…

Q: The antibiotic Gramicidin A can transport Na+ inons into a certain cell at the rate of 5.0 x 10 ^7…

A: Gramicidin, also called gramicidin D, is a mix of ionophore antibiotics, gramicidin A, B, and C,…

Q: In the situations described below, what is the free energy change if 1 mole of Na+ is transported…

A: The objective of the question is to calculate the free energy change (ΔG) when 1 mole of Na+ is…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.