2.What are the names of the 3 different isomerase enzymes that appear in glycolysis, and write them in theorder that they occur compared to each other.

Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway in which glucose is break down into two pyruvate in several steps…

Answered: 2. What are the names of the 3…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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2. What is the chemical reaction that lactase catalyzes? Write it below in word form as well as in its chemical equation.
3.) As mentioned in the March1 outline a critical step in the glycolysis metabolic pathway (conversion for glucose to pyruvate that produces 2 ATP's) is the attachment of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to an isomerase enzyme via an iminium bridge (step1). There is a second step that takes the imine to the enamine that sets up the C-C formation reaction with an enol that you'll cover in two weeks. Show the mechanism for steps 1 (mild acid catalysis) and 2 (draw resonance forms for the iminium cation). In your mechanism, show the intermediate hemiaminal (carbinolamine). Step 2 may address one of the questions asked in Wednesday's class about the water taking out the N-H proton of the iminium cation versus a C-H proton? CH₂OPO3² E-NH₂ + O=C (step 1) CH₂OH Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Iminium (+) cation intermediate (step 2) Enamine (Enol) Intermediate H CH₂OPO32- E-N-C H C. OH H₂O E
2. Draw the condensed structural formula for the triacylglycerol made from 3 saturated fatty acids that are 18 carbons long. Using your diagram from #2 as the reactant, draw the full equation (using condensed structural formulas) for this triacylglycerol undergoing enzyme hydrolysis, using lipase.
9. A baby boy was seen at the hospital because his urine had of a musty odour. Large amounts of an amino acid were present in his urine. In addition, a compound (compound I) was isolated from the urine in substantial amounts which, when incubated with NADH and lactate dehydrogenase, gave rise to compound II (shown below). Compound II: OH a. Name and draw the structure of compound I? b. Which class of reaction is involved in the formation of compound I from the amino acid that is present in the urine? What is the likely metabolic block in the child? c.
15. The second high energy intermediate metabolite of glycolysis that can be used for substrate level phosphorylation is also a precursor molecule for the synthesis of several amino acids. Name 5 of these amino acids.
3. The reaction shown below is catalyzed along the pathway of glycolysis by an enzyme with the active site architecture shown. A. The enzyme has two Mg2+ ions, a lysine general base (deprotonated) and a glutamate general acid. In the box below, draw a plausible mechanism for this reaction, which has two formal steps with one intermediate between them (hint: one step uses the general acid and the other uses the general base.) O +(87 -00 11 R-00 00 00 + H₂O OH O Mg2+ Mg2+ Lys (general base) NH₂ OH Glu (general acid) enzyme active site
2 The following strain of cells lack one enzyme in metabolic pathway. Which of the following strain can grow on glucose under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, although it grows slower than normal cells under aerobic condition? Explain (less than 100 words). A strain: lack glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase B strain: lack lactate dehydrogenase C strain: lack pyruvate dehydrogenase
(d) of glucose oxidation in diabetic human patients treated with Metformin (●) and in (nondiabetic) control human patients (0). At –150 min both groups of subjects were started on an intravenous feed of 3-(®H)-glucose, and at t = 0 min they were started on an oral glucose tolerance test whereby a measured amount of glucose in water (a syrupy mixture) was swallowed followed by measure- ment of blood glucose levels at 30 min intervals. The flux of glucose oxidation was measured by the appear- ance of 3H2O in the blood stream. While the information The diagram to the right compares the rate 8000 ORAL GLUCOSE 6000- 4000- 2000- -120 -60 60 120 180 240 300 Minutes cannot be directly extracted from the reaction mecha- nism diagrams in the textbook, the glycolytic step in which the tritium is first released into water is that catalyzed by TPI, as illustrated at the beginning of Question #3. Explain why this step is suitable for measuring the flux of glycolysis through the release of °H…
19. What is the optimal pH for catalase? Why do you think it becomes less effective at high or low pH? 20. Can you think of anywhere in the human body where enzymes would work BEST at a high pH? Please give an example and draw what that graph might look like. 21. What is the optimal temperature for catalase? Why do you think it becomes less effective at high or low temperatures? 22. Can you think of any organisms that would have enzymes specifically adapted to extreme low or high temperatures and would therefore function best at a different part of the graph? Please give an example and draw what that graph might look like.
3. How is acetyl coA carboxylase being regulated?
1. The concentration of substrate X is high. What happens to the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction if the concentration of substrate X is reduced? Explain. 2. An enzyme has an optimum pH of 7.2. What is most likely to happen to the activity of the enzyme if the pH drops to 6.2? Explain
The overall question is: What will be the approximate energy yield through aerobic metabolism, of a 16-carbon fatty acid? Part 8: What is the third major reaction through which products of both the first and second reactions are processed during fatty acid metabolism? Part 9: What are the products of the third major reaction through which products of both the first and second reactions are processed during fatty acid metabolism? Part 10: What is the approximate total energetic yield after complete oxidation of the original 16-carbon fatty acid?

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2. What are the names of the 3 different isomerase enzymes that appear in glycolysis, and write them in the order that they occur compared to each other.