8. The human diet includes "non-digestible" polysaccharides, or fiber, that can actually bedigested by enzymes produced by intestinal microorganisms. The abbreviated structureof a plant polysaccharide from lettuce is shown below. How many different hydrolasesare required to convert this polysaccharide to monosaccharides?L-Fucα(1-2)IGalß(1-2) Galß(1-2)Xyla(1-6) Xyla(1-6) Xyla(1-6)Glcß(1-4)-Glcß(1-4)-Glcß(1-4)-Glcß(1-4)-21

Hydrolases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of chemical bonds through the…

Answered: 8. The human diet includes…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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How many different hydrolases are required to convert this polysaccharide to monosaccharides?
With one mole each of sucrose, and arginine: 1) rank these molecules in order of increasing energy production, 2) describe the metabolic pathways involved in producing ATP for each molecule, 3) approximate (and explain) and the number of Acetyl-Co A molecules that would be generated from each molecule.
5
5. Given the following information tables, determine in which cell type cleavage of the terminal phosphate from ADP yields the greatest actual change in free energy. (Please work in kJ/mol.) TABLE 13-6 Standard Free Energies of Hydrolysis of Some Phosphorylated Compounds and Acetyl-CoA (a Thioester) TABLE 13-5 Total Concentrations of Adenine Nucleotides, Inorganic Phosphate, and Phosphocreatine in Some Cells AG (kJimol) (kcalimol) Concentration (MM) Phosphoenolpyruvate 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (+3-phosphoglycerate + P) Phosphocreatine -61.9 -14.8 ATP ADP AMP P, PCr Rat hepatocyte Rat myocyte 49.3 -11.8 3.38 1.32 0.29 4.8 -43.0 -103 8.05 0.93 0.04 8.05 28 ADP (+ AMP + P) -32.8 -7.8 -7.3 Rat neuron 2.59 0.73 0.06 2.72 4.7 ATP (+ ADP + P) Location of -30.5 Human erythrocyte 225 0.25 0.02 1.65 ATP (+ AMP • PP) AMP (+ adenosine P) cleavage is important! 45.6 -10.9 E. coli cell 7.90 1.04 0.82 7.9 -14.2 -34 For erythrocytes the concentrations are those of the cytosol (human erythrocytes lack a…
9. Bacteria can synthesize tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine through a series of biochemical reactions. All three amino acids are derived from the same precursor molecule, as shown in the diagram below. OH но OH Common Precursor Anthranilate Chorismate Synthase Mutase OH NH2 00 Trp Precursor Tyr/Phe Precursor a. A majority of this precursor is used by the enzyme chorismate mutase to synthesize another precursor that is used to make phenylalanine or tyrosine. Experimental data shows that when there is a high concentration of phenylalanine in a cell, more tryptophan is produced. This data also suggests that phenylalanine binds to chorismate mutase but does not bind to the enzyme's active site. Use what we learned in class to describe how this binding could regulate chorismate mutase's activity and result in more tryptophan being produced. b. The common precursor is also a substrate for a second enzyme, anthranilate synthase. The product of that reaction is a precursor for…
2. Consider a preparation that contains all of the enzymes and cofactors needed for fatty acid biosynthesis from added malonyl-CoA and acetyl- COA. a. If [2-H) acetyl-CoA (labeled with deuterium) H-c-C-COA and an excess of unlabeled malonyl-CoA are added as substrates, how many deuterium atoms are incorporated into each palmitate? What are their locations in the palmitate structure? (Draw an expanded structural formula for palmitate showing the locations of the deuterium atoms (as drawn in acetyl-CoA above). Explain your answer.
(d) of glucose oxidation in diabetic human patients treated with Metformin (●) and in (nondiabetic) control human patients (0). At –150 min both groups of subjects were started on an intravenous feed of 3-(®H)-glucose, and at t = 0 min they were started on an oral glucose tolerance test whereby a measured amount of glucose in water (a syrupy mixture) was swallowed followed by measure- ment of blood glucose levels at 30 min intervals. The flux of glucose oxidation was measured by the appear- ance of 3H2O in the blood stream. While the information The diagram to the right compares the rate 8000 ORAL GLUCOSE 6000- 4000- 2000- -120 -60 60 120 180 240 300 Minutes cannot be directly extracted from the reaction mecha- nism diagrams in the textbook, the glycolytic step in which the tritium is first released into water is that catalyzed by TPI, as illustrated at the beginning of Question #3. Explain why this step is suitable for measuring the flux of glycolysis through the release of °H…
852. what is the difference between maltose maltase, sucrose-sucrase and lactoselactase?
38. The shown reaction is one of the four repeating steps during fatty acid biosynthesis. Which of the following statements is correct? 유 CH3-C-CH₂-C-S-ACP A B OH 유 CH3-C-CH₂-C-5-ACP → A. The small molecule in box A is NADPH + H* B. It is the second reduction reaction during fatty acid biosynthesis C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
4) Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a highly regulated enzyme in glycolysis. ADP (and also AMP - adenosine monophosphate) bind to allosteric sites on PFK's structure, causing additional active sites (fructose-6-phosphate binding sites) to open. Conversely, ATP and PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) bind to different allosteric sites, resulting in PFK's active sites closing. a) How does an allosteric activator work? What is the allosteric activator? When would it be important for PFK to be activated? Function: Allosteric Activator(s): Importance: b) How does an allosteric inhibitor work? What is the allosteric inhibitor? When would it be important for PFK to be inhibited? Function: Allosteric Inhibitor(s): Importance: c) How does this relate to the ideas of homeostasis and why does it make sense to control this system homeostatically? Use a specific example to make your comparison.
6) What are the biological functions of the pentose phosphate pathway? What are the two stages and what is the purpose of each? What are the key enzymes for transferring carbons and how do each work?
11. Draw the structure Saccharide X occurs in the roots of several species of plants. Deduce the structure of saccharide x from the following data: 1. Acidic hydrolysis of 1 mol of stachyose yields 2 mol of D-galactose, 1 mol of D-glucose, and 1 mol of D-fructose. 2. Stachyose is a nonreducing sugar. 3. Treating stachyose with an a-galactosidase produces a mixture containing D-galactose, sucrose, and a nonreducing trisaccharide called raffinose. 4. Acidic hydrolysis of raffinose gives D-glucose, D-fructose, and D-galactose. Treating raffinose with an a-galactosidase yields D-galactose and sucrose. Treating raffinose with invertase (an enzyme that hydrolyzes sucrose) yields fructose and melibiose 5. Methylation of saccharide x followed by hydrolysis yields 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose, 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose, 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose, and 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-fructose.

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