4) Suppose some yeast cells undergoing gluconeogenesis were treated with a 1:1 mixture of the two labeled pyruvatemolecules shown below (one pyruvate is labeled with ¹4C at C1 and ¹³C at C3; the other pyruvate is labeled with ¹4C at C3and ¹3C at C2. Assume that the labeled pyruvate molecules are the only source of carbon to make glucose viagluconeogenesis. Draw the resulting mixture of glucose molecules and clearly show the location of ¹4C and/or ¹³℃ ineach glucose.13CH314CH313C

We have a reaction mixture containing 2 different types of pyruvate molecules, P1 and P2 , which…

Answered: 4) Suppose some yeast cells undergoing…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Can you please pick the right answer in each parentheses? The pentose phosphate pathway provides a number of critical functions including ["production of ribose-5-phosphate", "production of NADH"] that is vital for ["synthesis of nucleotides and coenzymes", "oxidative phosphorylation"] . This pathway is divided into oxidative and non-oxidative steps. The latter steps ["are involved in the conversion of various sugar phopshates, so called ["carbon shuffle reactions"", "are directly involved in NADPH production"] . If ["NADP+", "NAD+"] levels are high, flux through the pentose phosphate pathway is promoted by allosteric regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. If reducing equivalents derived form the pentose phosphate pathway are high, glucose-6-phosphate is directed toward ["a phosphatase and then export from the cell", "glycolysis"] .
Mention two biological advantages to an organism that stores its carbohydrate reserves as starch or glycogen rather than as an equivalent amount of free glucose. What role does the protein, glycogenin play in glycogen synthesis? Name the reactants and products of the first two steps of the gluconeogenesis pathway if pyruvate is used as the starting material (structures not needed). Explain why people with a deficiency of the enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) suffer from hemolytic anemia What is meant by reciprocal regulation? Name one compound that reciprocally regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways. Which enzymes are regulated by this compound? What reactions are catalyzed by these enzymes?
a.) in human, under what condition will pyruvate be converted to lactate? what type of reaction occurs when pyruvate is converted to lactate? b.) in human, what happens to pyruvate when there is sufficient oxygen supply? which enzyme is involved in this chemical reaction?
3. (a) In Bakers yeast there are two variants of cytochrome c, a heme containing protein of 108 amino acid residues that catalyzes electron transfer reactions in mitochondria. The two forms of cyto- chrome c known as iso-1 and iso-2 cytochrome c differ in 17 of the 108 amino acids. The content of proton dissociable side chains for the two cytochromes c is given in the table below: Side chain pka iso-1 cytochrome c Ziso-1 iso-2 cytochrome c 12.5 3 4.0 4 8.0 4.0 6.0 10.0 9.0 7.0 4.0 Arginine Aspartate Cysteine Glutamate Histidine Lysine Tyrosine -NH3Ⓡ -COOH 1 4 4 16 5 1 1 What is the overall electrostatic charge on each cytochrome at pH 8? (b) To the right is a diagram of the chemical groups in carboxymethyl-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose that are used for ion exchange chromatography to purify proteins. At pH 8 which chromatographic resin has to be used to separate iso-1-cytochrome c from iso-2-cytochrome c from a lysate of yeast cells? If the proteins are separated by application of a…
Consider the total breakdown of the glycogen structure below. Assuming each glycosidic linkage can be broken down completely and the resulting products are fed through glycolytic metabolism. a) If this molecule was in your muscles, how many molecules of ATP would it generate through fermentation? how many molecules of lactate? b) If the same molecule was in your liver, but was instead fueling glycolysis in your brain, how many molecules of ATP would it generate for the brain through glycolysis? c) The lactate produced in (a) is then transported back to the liver from your muscles. There, it can be used to drive glucose synthesis (known as the Cori cycle). Assume all glucose from this lactate is then re-incorporated into newly synthesized glycogen. List the steps needed for this transformation in the liver and the amount of ATP equivalents it will consume (going from lactate). Also, identify a signaling pathway that would trigger its incorporation into new glycogen, instead of being…
What if the phosphate group for the glycolysis reaction with enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was from ATP instead of Pi? What would the complete, balanced, net rxn of glycoslysisequation be and how does this impact the overall glycolysis rxn?
Explain the purpose of the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle (Don’t worry about the mechanism, just the purpose of the shuttle. Just one sentence here!). Suppose a cell could only rely on the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle and not the malate-aspartate shuttle, how would that affect the amount of ATP that could be generated from the complete oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose in that cell? How would this change the amount of ATP that could be generated from the complete oxidation of 1 molecule of palmitate in this cell?
Consider ³H-labeled pyruvate (containing three ³H at C3) and ¹4C-labeled OAA (¹4C at C3) are added to a preparation of mitochondria in which pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle enzymes are functional. Assume the labeled compounds react to form citrate that is labeled with both ³H and ¹4C. Assume also that once label is lost from a citric acid cycle intermediate that it does not become reincorporated. lf oxaloacetate (OAA) 3H 3H 3H pyruvate (a) Show the distribution of ³H and ¹4C in the citrate that is initially formed from the ¹4C-labeled OAA and the 3H-labeled ACS-CoA.
15.13) The NADH that is produced by glycolysis is not able to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to enter the matrix region and undergo oxidative phosphorylation. Name the two processes in which the energy from NADH made in glycolysis can enter the mitochondrial matrix. ANSWER: 1) malate-aspartate shuttle 2) glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle EXPLANATION: Oxidative phosphorylation requires that NADH be located within the mitochondrial matrix. Since pyruvate oxidation/decarboxylation and the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondrial matrix, the NADH created in those processes can immediately undergo oxidative phosphorylation. The NADH that is produced by glycolysis is able to pass through the outer mitochondrial membrane and enter the intermembrane space; however, it is not able to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to enter the matrix region. In order for the energy from this NADH to be utilized, it must be processed through "NADH shuttles." The two…
a) What carbon-containing molecule exits the citric acid cycle? Why doesn’t your body capture the carbon-containing molecule you identified in part (a) and use that molecule to build new sugars and fats? Explain your answer. You have just created a new enzyme that will make the citric acid cycle more efficient! Instead of the citric acid cycle taking 8 steps, all of the bonds between the carbon atoms will be broken in only one step! Is this a good idea? Explain your answer.
In the cell, ATP can be enzymatically produced from glycerol-3-phosphate (glycerol-3-P) and PO,. This enczymatic synthesis utilizes selected enzymes from glycolysis. Glycerol-3-P+ dihydroxyacetone phosphate-→ x→Y+3-phosphoglycerate What is compound X? Note that the cofactors, co-substrates, and details for the use of PO, for this set of reactions have been omitted, You should know them! O Phosphoenolpyruvate O Pyruvate o 2-Phosphoglycerate O Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate O Oxaloacetate
3.) As mentioned in the March1 outline a critical step in the glycolysis metabolic pathway (conversion for glucose to pyruvate that produces 2 ATP's) is the attachment of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to an isomerase enzyme via an iminium bridge (step1). There is a second step that takes the imine to the enamine that sets up the C-C formation reaction with an enol that you'll cover in two weeks. Show the mechanism for steps 1 (mild acid catalysis) and 2 (draw resonance forms for the iminium cation). In your mechanism, show the intermediate hemiaminal (carbinolamine). Step 2 may address one of the questions asked in Wednesday's class about the water taking out the N-H proton of the iminium cation versus a C-H proton? CH₂OPO3² E-NH₂ + O=C (step 1) CH₂OH Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Iminium (+) cation intermediate (step 2) Enamine (Enol) Intermediate H CH₂OPO32- E-N-C H C. OH H₂O E

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