2. Fatty acid synthase is a multi functional protein which carries out the synthesis of fatty acids from malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA building blocks. The enzyme contains two reactive sulfhydryl groups, one on the long arm of the acyl carrier protein (ACP), the other on the b-keto-acyl ACP synthase domain (KS). These two -SH groups are shown schematically in the figure below. a) Draw the structure of the complex that results from“charging"with the malonyl-CoAand acetyl CoA substrates. b) Following condensation of the malonyl and acetyl groups, ab-ketobutyrylgroup bound to the enzyme is generated. Draw the structures of the substrates and products of the steps that convert the ketone group of the b-ketobutyryl group to a methylene carbon. When a cofactor/cosubstrate is involved, identify it. CH3-C-CH2-C- HŞ KS MT AT АСР KR ER HD B-Ketobutyryl-ACP
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
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