2. Fatty acid synthase is a multi functional protein which carries out the synthesis of fatty acids from malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA building blocks. The enzyme contains two reactive sulfhydryl groups, one on the long arm of the acyl carrier protein (ACP), the other on the b-keto-acyl ACP synthase domain (KS). These two -SH groups are shown schematically in the figure below. a) Draw the structure of the complex that results from“charging"with the malonyl-CoAand acetyl CoA substrates. b) Following condensation of the malonyl and acetyl groups, ab-ketobutyrylgroup bound to the enzyme is generated. Draw the structures of the substrates and products of the steps that convert the ketone group of the b-ketobutyryl group to a methylene carbon. When a cofactor/cosubstrate is involved, identify it. CH3-C-CH2-C- HŞ KS MT AT АСР KR ER HD B-Ketobutyryl-ACP

2. Fatty acid synthase is a multi functional protein which carries out the synthesis of fatty acids from malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA building blocks. The enzyme contains two reactive sulfhydryl groups, one on the long arm of the acyl carrier protein (ACP), the other on the b-keto-acyl ACP synthase domain (KS). These two -SH groups are shown schematically in the figure below. a) Draw the structure of the complex that results from“charging"with the malonyl-CoAand acetyl CoA substrates. b) Following condensation of the malonyl and acetyl groups, ab-ketobutyrylgroup bound to the enzyme is generated. Draw the structures of the substrates and products of the steps that convert the ketone group of the b-ketobutyryl group to a methylene carbon. When a cofactor/cosubstrate is involved, identify it. CH3-C-CH2-C- HŞ KS MT AT АСР KR ER HD B-Ketobutyryl-ACP

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter7: Cellular Respiration

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 9RQ: GTP or ATP is produced during the conversion of isocitrate into ketoglutarate succinyl CoA into...

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8. The enzyme thiolase catalyzes one step in the ß-oxidation of saturated fats. One portion of the mechanism for this reaction is shown below. Describe the catalytic mechanism at work. (Note: "SCOA" is shorthand for the compound Acetyl-CoA) RCOCH₂COSCoA + HSCOA → H3C₂OSC0A + RCOSCOA HN NH CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ FS Grease NH3 H-SCO A NH CH2 CH₂ NH3 S Co A CH₂ NH 1 3 H-SCO A H3C SCO A NH3 a h-SCOA R-C S Co A CH₂ CH₂ C H₂ 0=0 HN NH + NH3 H₂C HN CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ 2 S Co A CH₂ NH NH
3. (a) Wakil's pioneering studies on fatty acid synthesis included the crucial observation that bicarbonate is required for the synthesis of palmitoyl-CoA. He was surprised to find that very low levels of bicarbonate could sustain palmitate synthesis; that is, there was no correlation between the amount of bicarbonate required and the amount of palmitate produced. Later he also observed that 14C-labeled bicarbonate is not incorporated into palmitate. Explain these observation (b) The condensation reaction catalyzed by B-ketoacyl-ACP synthase generates a 4-carbon unit by combining a 2-carbon unit with a 3-carbon unit and loss of CO2. Write with structural formulas how this occurs. What is the thermodynamic advantage of this way of generating the 4-carbon unit over combining two 2-carbon units as occurs fatty acid oxidation or ketone body reactions" (c) Decide where labeled carbon atoms will be found in palmitate if (i) (3-1“C)malonyl-SCOA or (ii) (2- 14C)malonyl-SCOA are used.
1. Explain the reaction mechanism involved how glucogenic amino acids can yield either a pyruvic acid or an oxaloacetic acid. In what pathway will pyruvic or oxaloacetic acid be used and why is this pathway important? 2. Discuss the reaction mechanism involved how the -NH2 groups of amino acids are being metabolized. 3. Explain why gluconeogenesis under conditions of starvation or diabetes breaks down body proteins. Complete answer please. Thank you. |
2. Consider a preparation that contains all of the enzymes and cofactors needed for fatty acid biosynthesis from added malonyl-CoA and acetyl- COA. a. If [2-H) acetyl-CoA (labeled with deuterium) H-c-C-COA and an excess of unlabeled malonyl-CoA are added as substrates, how many deuterium atoms are incorporated into each palmitate? What are their locations in the palmitate structure? (Draw an expanded structural formula for palmitate showing the locations of the deuterium atoms (as drawn in acetyl-CoA above). Explain your answer.
In the first cycle of fatty acid synthesis via the acyl carrier protein system, the acetyl group on fatty acid synthase condenses with the malonyl-ACP complex. Draw the structure of the products of this reaction. Respresent ACP by R1 do not include free synthase Be sure to include charges on atoms at Ph=7
1. Outline the first round of lipid catabolism using a C18 saturated fatty acid. Indicate cofactors and type of chemistry that takes place. a. How much NADH, FADH2 and ACCOA are you getting from complete catabolism of this fatty acid? b. How many moles of ATP are you getting from the breakdown of this fatty acid? Keep in mind that in the mitochondria 1 mole FADH2 gives about 1.5 moles of ATP while 1 mole NADH yields about 2.5 moles of ATP.
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Incubation of the norsolinic acid synthase holo-ACP with malonyl CoA gave malonyl-S-ACP (molecular weight 10112 Da). (ACP SH holo-ACP Malonyl-SNAC Calculate the molecular weight of holo-ACP. (ACP OH malonyl-S-ACP MW = 10112
1. Prostaglandins are a class of eicosanoids, fatty acid derivatives with a variety of extremely potent actions on vertebrate tissues. They are responsible for producing fever and inflammation and its associated pain. Prostaglandins are derived from the 20- carbon fatty acid arachidonic acid in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase. This enzyme, a cyclooxygenase, uses oxygen to convert arachidonic acid to PGG2, the immediate precursor of many different prostaglandins. (a) The kinetic data given below are for the reaction catalyzed by prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase. Focusing here on the first two columns, determine the Vmax and Km of the enzyme. (b) Ibuprofen is an inhibitor of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase. By inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins, ibuprofen reduces inflammation and pain. Using the data in the first and third columns of the table, determine the type of inhibition that ibuprofen exerts on prostaglandin endoperoxide…