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Cofactors, coenzymes, and prosthetic groups datang une pomm

Cofactors, coenzymes, and prosthetic groups datang une pomm

Biochemistry
Biochemistry
9th Edition
ISBN:9781319114671
Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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### Cofactors, Coenzymes, and Prosthetic Groups in Enzymatic Reactions **Overview:** Cofactors, coenzymes, and prosthetic groups are essential non-protein substances required for enzyme function. The table below outlines various cofactors/coenzymes/prosthetic groups, detailing their specific reactions and highlighting their functional roles. | **Cofactor Name** | **Reaction** | **Structure of only the cofactor** | **Functional or catalytic role** | |---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|---------------------------------| | **Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)** | Pyruvate -> acetaldehyde | | | | **Oxidized Lipoamide/lipoic acid/lipoyl-lysine** | Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA | | | | **Coenzyme A (CoASH)** | αKetoglutarate -> Succinyl-CoA | | | | **Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)** | Succinate -> Fumarate | | | | **Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH + H⁺)** | Pyruvate -> lactate | | | | **Oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADP⁺)** | 6-Phosphogluconate -> Ribulose 5-phosphate | | | | **Biotin** | Bicarbonate + pyruvate -> oxaloacetate | | | ### Diagram Explanation This table does not include diagrams or visual representations. However, each entry outlines a specific biochemical reaction facilitated by a cofactor. For each reaction, the cofactor assists in the conversion of substrates to products, playing either a catalytic or functional role in stabilizing intermediates or transferring groups necessary for the reaction. These cofactors are critical for metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and other biochemical processes. Understanding their roles helps in comprehending how enzymes operate efficiently within cellular environments.
Transcribed Image Text:### Cofactors, Coenzymes, and Prosthetic Groups in Enzymatic Reactions **Overview:** Cofactors, coenzymes, and prosthetic groups are essential non-protein substances required for enzyme function. The table below outlines various cofactors/coenzymes/prosthetic groups, detailing their specific reactions and highlighting their functional roles. | **Cofactor Name** | **Reaction** | **Structure of only the cofactor** | **Functional or catalytic role** | |---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|---------------------------------| | **Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)** | Pyruvate -> acetaldehyde | | | | **Oxidized Lipoamide/lipoic acid/lipoyl-lysine** | Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA | | | | **Coenzyme A (CoASH)** | αKetoglutarate -> Succinyl-CoA | | | | **Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)** | Succinate -> Fumarate | | | | **Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH + H⁺)** | Pyruvate -> lactate | | | | **Oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADP⁺)** | 6-Phosphogluconate -> Ribulose 5-phosphate | | | | **Biotin** | Bicarbonate + pyruvate -> oxaloacetate | | | ### Diagram Explanation This table does not include diagrams or visual representations. However, each entry outlines a specific biochemical reaction facilitated by a cofactor. For each reaction, the cofactor assists in the conversion of substrates to products, playing either a catalytic or functional role in stabilizing intermediates or transferring groups necessary for the reaction. These cofactors are critical for metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and other biochemical processes. Understanding their roles helps in comprehending how enzymes operate efficiently within cellular environments.
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