SWK5015 [u03a2] Unit 3 Assignment 2

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Capella University *

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5015

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Sociology

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Jun 1, 2024

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Research Literature Review Angelique Vasquez School of Social Work, Capella University SWK5015: Advanced Statistics, Research, and Program Evaluation Professor Christopher Mallet April, 2024

1 Research Literature Review Introduction This assignment aims to establish a theoretical framework for my agency’s program evaluation and to survey current literature to determine the best methodology and approach for the program’s evaluation. Teenage pregnancy is a global public health issue that affects both developing and developed countries. The program evaluation aims to address the independent variable, which is the teen parent, and the dependent variables are the outcomes the program is attempting to achieve. My agency is providing eight-week parenting classes for teen parents in an urban environment. These services are open to teen mothers and fathers, and their children can be any age. Referrals are obtainable from local schools, hospitals, social service agencies, and the Department of Children and Family Services. The interventions of this program include a weekly parenting class, dealing with topics such as child development, effective communication with children, stress management, and compassionate behavior management strategies. The anticipated outcomes of the program include: increased knowledge about child development, increased sense of competence in parenting, decreased reported stress levels, and beliefs in line with compassionate behavior management strategies rather than using corporal punishment. Nature of the Problem There are documented causes of teen pregnancy, however there is little documented about the realities associated with teenage parenthood as most interventions are focused on preventing teen pregnancy and the prevalence levels. This eight-week program aims to address the rates of teen pregnancy and increase interventions and coping skills to assist teen parents, parent effectively. Teen pregnancy is discussed as a social justice issue topic many times. There are variations in prevalence levels between these countries and the different socioeconomic

2 groups. In the journal Prevalence and Determinants of adolescent pregnancy in urban disadvantaged settings across five cities , in each year, worldwide, about 11% of teen births occur from ages 15 to 19, and approximately 95% of teen births occur in advanced countries (Brahmbhat, et al., 2014). The rate of teen parents and pregnancies significantly varies by ethnicity, annual, age, and the scope of geographic. In this age group of 15 to 19, there are significant effects of teen pregnancy on their living standards and state of health (Brahmbhat, et al., 2014). In 2017, approximately 75% of teen pregnancies occurred from 18 to 19 years of age, this chart indicated a decrease in adolescent pregnancy from 2009 to 2017 (Brahmbhat, et al., 2014). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “In 2017, women aged 15- 19 years were born to a total of 194,377 babies, for a birth rate of 18.8 per 1,000 women in this age group” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021). This is a record low for United States teens and a decline of 7 percent from 2016 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021). Teen pregnancy rates tend to be higher among populations in developing regions with low education and socioeconomic predisposition. The World Health Organization estimates that 21 million girls and young women between the ages of fifteen and nineteen become pregnant annually in developing countries. While birth rates dropped 10% for teens ages 15-17 years and for teens aged 18-19 years by 6%, in 2017, Hispanic teen females had an increase in childbirth (28.9) than African American teen females (27.6) and white American young women (13.4) (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2019). The data for reasons for the decrease in percentage state that the decrease is due to more adolescents abstaining from sexual activity and more teenagers using birth control for sexual activity than in previous years. Regardless of the

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3 decreased rate of teen pregnancy in the United States, it is considerably higher than in other developed nations and there are ongoing racial ethnic, and regional differences in teen birth rates. Causes of the Problem Teen pregnancy can result in a number of consequences which can be a risk or protective factor in implementing protective factors. These risk factors can lead to more teen pregnancies, or prevent future teen pregnancies. High teen birth rates may lead to less favorable socioeconomic circumstances, such as low education and low-income levels of a teen's family. Plan International lists several causes of teen pregnancy which include: lack of information about sexual and reproductive health and rights, inadequate access to services tailored to young people, and sexual violence (Plan International, 2024). Teenage pregnancy increases when girls are denied the right to make decisions about their sexual and reproductive health and well-being (Plan International, 2024). Studies show the adverse effects of teen pregnancy start at childbirth and impact the adolescent parents and the child over their life spans. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, shares data to advise and guide programs and services to communities with the greatest need to increase the life opportunities of teens experiencing major health inequalities and to have the greatest effect on overall U.S. teen birth rates (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021.) “Children's exposure to co-parenting conflict has important implications for their developmental functioning, yet limited work has focused on such processes in families with diverse structures or ethnically and culturally diverse backgrounds (Jahromi et al., 2019). The physical and psychological impacts and the high economic and social costs of teen childbearing and parenting could have short-term and long-term consequences for parents, children and the community. Research has shown that it is beneficial for teen parents to have support during their pregnancy and in their new experience of parenthood. Specifically, teen

4 mothers can be extremely vulnerable due to many obstacles they may face including unhealthy relationships, lack of education attainment, mental health concerns, and isolation. The causes that have been described above are directly related to the proposed interventions of this eight-week program by the agency to better support the obstacles faced by teen parents. Interventions Information on teen sexual and reproductive health is vital to support decision-making to advance these initiatives and to develop effective programs addressing teen needs. The gaps in knowledge of the problem of teen pregnancy include available data that relates to population coverage, as surveys of fertility and health stop at age 15, despite data showing girls having sexual intercourse before the age of 15 resulting in little information on girls who are younger. The article Exploring the Challenges of Adolescent Mothers From Their Life Experiences in the Transition to Motherhood: A Qualitative Study explores the impact early motherhood has on the teen mothers, their children, families, and communities (Mangeli et al., 2017). Motherhood requires physical, psychological, social, and cognitive preparedness. Research and data have shown teens who are transitioning into motherhood have difficulty adapting to physical changes, significant brain development, and nurturing of an infant especially given that most of the teen mothers are not in a good socio-economic condition (Mangeli et al., 2017). A constant need for support and training, inability to planning and decision making, lack of maternal skills encountering unknown situations and major changes, high risk pregnancy and birth, mental health problems(depression, anxiety, shock, low self-efficacy, isolation), multiple responsibilities, role conflict and identity confusion, inadequate social and spiritual support, disruption of education and employment, financial problems, social stigma and, religious or cultural negative reaction, inappropriate behavior of health care providers, and family conflicts

5 (Mangeli et al., 2017). For teenage mothers who suffer concurrently from maternal function and the developmental task of adolescence, motherhood becomes tedious and convoluted. In this article the findings show it is expedient that special attention and care support is made available to them by healthcare providers. In the journal, Parenting stress, child characteristics, and developmental delay from birth to age five in teen mother-child dyads , it was explained that parenting stress amongst teens and young mothers leads to less favorable developmental outcomes in infancy and early childhood (Lehr et al, 2016). Parenting stress, described as a stress response to the task of parenting, is a complex framework that includes perceptions of maternal distress including burdening care, social isolation, and unhappiness; perceiving the child as challenging or oppositional (Lehr et al, 2016). A case study of how a school-based program serving pregnant and parenting students impacts teen fathers discussed the problem of a knowledge gap about the basic methods, procedures, and frameworks of school-based initiatives that effectively prepare teen mothers and, specifically, teen fathers to graduate from high school and develop the skills and knowledge as active new parents and as participating members of their communities (Morales, 2017). The objective of this study was to understand the efficacy of the curriculum of a public school district in meeting the different academic needs and improving the critical life skills needed by parenting students and, in particular, teenage fathers (Morales, 2017). The journal, Engaging Pregnant and Parenting Teens: Early Challenges and Lessons Learned From the Evaluation of Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Approaches, completed a study in Los Angeles County, California, which developed a program called AIM 4 Teen Moms (AIM) is a nine- session program for new teen moms. The AIM 4 Teen Moms team adapted an existing evidence-based initiative, Project Goal, based on this theory and integrating positive concepts of youth growth, to empower teenage

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6 mothers to delay repeat pregnancies by identifying realistic life goals and making the safe life choices required to achieve them (Asheer et. Al, 2014). The program aims to improve birth spacing and long-term contraceptive adoption by involving adolescents in meaningful future career and family planning (Asheer et. Al, 2014). The article, Coparenting Conflict and Academic Readiness in Children of Teen Mothers: Effortful Control as a Mediator , states that there is an insufficient study in families with complex systems or ethnically and culturally diverse contexts which had centered on the processes of disputing the important consequences of children to co-parenting for their developmental functioning (Jahromi et. al, 2108). The results of findings of teen mothers’ co-parenting conflicts provide insight into various processes by which multiple co-parenting units in teen mother families are related to the outcomes of their children, and this study has important implications for practitioners working with teen mother families (Jahromi et. al, 2018). Summary The program evaluation theory that is connected to the proposed methodology is the social learning theory. This theory can be used to explain teen sexual behavior, the use or nonuse of contraceptives, the patterns of behavior responsible for the high rates of teenage pregnancies, and to further the research that will result in the prevention of teenage pregnancies. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Outcome Assessment evaluates the effectiveness of the program on the target population by evaluating success in the results to be addressed by the program (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021). With measuring outcomes that can determine the success of this program, there is a better outcome for further funding to continue programming services. This assignment has established the theoretical framework for the agency’s program that aimed to address increased knowledge about child development, increased

7 sense of competence in parenting, decreased reported stress levels, and beliefs in line with compassionate behavior management strategies rather than using corporal punishment.

8 References Asheer, S., Berger, A., Meckstroth, A., Kisker, E., & Keating, B. (2014). Engaging pregnant and parenting teens: Early challenges and lessons learned from the Evaluation of Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Approaches. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54 (3, Suppl), S84–S91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.019 Brahmbhatt, H., Kågesten, A., Emerson, M., Decker, M. R., Olumide, A. O., Ojengbede, O., Lou, C., Sonenstein, F. L., Blum, R. W., & Delany-Moretlwe, S. (2014). Prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy in urban disadvantaged settings across five cities. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine , 55 (6 Suppl), S48–S57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.07.023 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, November 15). About teen pregnancy . https://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/about/index.htm Flaherty, S. C., & Sadler, L. S. (2022). Parenting Stress Among Adolescent Mothers: An Integrative Literature Review. Western journal of nursing research , 44 (7), 701–719. https://doi.org/10.1177/01939459211014241 Jahromi, L. B., Zeiders, K. H., Updegraff, K. A., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., & Bayless, S. D. (2018). Coparenting Conflict and Academic Readiness in Children of Teen Mothers: Effortful Control as a Mediator. Family process , 57 (2), 462–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12290 Lehr, M., Wecksell, B., Nahum, L., Neuhaus, D., Teel, K. S., Linares, L. O., & Diaz, A. (2016). Parenting stress, child characteristics, and developmental delay from birth to age five in

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9 teen mother–child dyads. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25 (3), 1035–1043. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0282-8 Mangeli, M., Rayyani, M., Cheraghi, M. A., & Tirgari, B. (2017). Exploring the Challenges of Adolescent Mothers From Their Life Experiences in the Transition to Motherhood: A Qualitative Study. Journal of family & reproductive health , 11 (3), 165–173. Plan International. (2024, January 10). Teenage pregnancy . https://plan-international.org/srhr/teenage-pregnancy/

SWK5015 [u03a2] Unit 3 Assignment 2

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