lesson 1 UNIT 1 CC-291-PD-291 intor to policing

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UNIT 1: ORIGINS OF POLICING LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION - ORIGINS AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT TASKS  Complete the Library tutorial (right click to open link - select open in new tab or window) https://library.wlu.ca/help/tutorials/introduction-library-online-students  Listen to the assigned media (links provided in lesson)  Post to Lesson 1 discussion forum.  Note: there are sections with additional readings discussed to enhance the Lesson material, these are not required readings. Required readings listed in the Readings section are required and testable material  For a complete listing of all due dates consult the course calendar LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this lesson you should be able to:  Discuss the origins, structure, and evolution of policing in England  Identify and explain the various controversies surrounding the creation of police  List the policing principles of Sir Robert Peel  Describe the evolution of police work in Canada  Explain the roles of the early municipal and provincial police and RCMP  Describe and differentiate key developments in Canadian police work during the late 20th and early 21st centuries READINGS  Read Griffiths Chapter 2 - Page 25 - 34  Bayley, D. H., & Shearing, C. D. (1996). "The Future of Policing "  Sheptycki, J (2005) PDF version in Supplemental Readings  Read Lesson 1 INTRODUCTION - ORIGINS AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION: THE ORIGINS OF POLICING

The development of Canadian policing has been strongly influenced by the system of policing that emerged in England in the 1800s. However, this service provided in Canada has had a unique history unto itself and has evolved into an organization that is quite distinct from that of England and the United States. It is clear by the lack of “Canadian centric” textbooks and journal articles that the distinctness of the Canadian Policing is often overlooked. Quick! In your study notes list some unique features about Police, Police Structure, and/or Policy that set Canada apart from the US, UK and/or Australia. When you have finished click on reveal below to compare answers. Reveal Before we can examine modern Canadian policing, it is important to examine the history. There are a few key terms not often referred to in current discussions of policing but it is important to understand them because they provide the context for the development and complexity of societies and the emergence of concerns over personal and communal protection. Take a moment . . . Think about what the following definitions and how they relate to one another:  Hue and Cry In early England, the requirement that able-bodied men assist the police in the pursuit and apprehension of law violators. Failure to do so could result in punishment of the “derelict citizen” often equal to that of the lawbreaker.  Frankpledge Every free man between fifteen and sixty was required to enroll in a tything whose members were then responsible for reporting crimes and to respond to hue and cry.  Tythingman Elected community spokesman responsible for keeping order; considered the forerunner of the English police officer. Had the authority to collect fines and demand bail.  The Statute of Winchester A statute that made policing a community responsibility and called for night watches and the statute also allowed constables to arrest lawbreakers.  Justice of the Peace Act The act that centralized peacekeeping duties under justices of the peace appointed by the king. The Justice of the peace replaced the shire-reeve. This act subordinated the police to the judiciary and resulted in injustice and corruption. The vocabulary presented above demonstrates the progression of police centralization and reflects the growing complexity of society. This vocabulary will be important as you move through this first lesson.

Enjoy! Learning Activity (Optional) As you go through each lesson, you will notice "Learning & Personal Activities" along the way. These are for you to complete individually, to help you understand and remember the material. As your first activity for this course, I invite you to read the Ontario Justice Education Network that describes the origins of the Justice Peace act in England and its development in Canada and Ontario. Access the article . This could be used as an article for the executive summary requirement. NOTE: It is best to use these lesson notes to assist you as you summarize the reading. To get the full benefit of the lesson below the assigned reading should be completed beforehand. THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN POLICING As discussed in the Griffiths text (Griffiths, 2016 p.27-28) centralized police service is a relatively new phenomenon. Rural agrarian societies applied retribution against members that contravened social customs and folkways. The increasing complexity of societies reduced the effectiveness of self-policing and the system of codified laws laid the foundation for centralized authority. The first organized police force in England was established in the mid-1700s by Henry Fielding called the Bow Street Runners . Some features that made them distinct included:  Adequately paid (to lessen bribe taking)  Equipped with batons, handcuffs and uniforms  Delivered court testimony  Duty of patrol Bow Street Runners courtesy of Esther M. Zimmer Lederberg Memorial Website Civil unrest in the late 1700 and early 1800 spurred on by the Industrial Revolution, caused push back by the labour force who resisted the idea of a 24-hour, organized police force. Sir Robert Peel attempted to establish a metropolitan police force but his advances were voted down seventeen times from 1822-1828. It was noted by one parliamentary subcommittee that “in a free society, there should only be rational and humane laws, making a police force unnecessary” (Griffiths, 2016, p.28). Peels push for a full-time, unarmed police force was successful in 1829 and is embodied in the Metropolitan Police Act (Griffiths, 2016, p.28). In order to legitimize the new

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“bobbies” or “Peelers”, Sir Robert Peel outlined some of the benefits of having a centralized force. Bobbies would:  Serve the interests of all citizens  Prevent crime  Be recruited from the working class  Be recruited through a standardized recruiting process  Receive professional training  Play a role in establishing community police stations  Engage in proactive policing Picture of 1850s peeler courtesy of Wikimedia commons Equally important to the development of a professional police force Peel also formulated several principals that serve as the basis for community policing. The Principles of Sir Robert Peel:  Prevent crime and disorder  Use force only when necessary  Perform duties in accordance with public approval  Maintain a relationship with the public based on the ideal that police are the public  Secure the cooperation of the public  Do not usurp the powers of the judiciary  Public cooperation decreases with physical force  Police efficiency is found in the absence of crime and disorder  Maintain public favour by remaining impartial Take a moment . . . Do the principals developed by Peel in the early 19th century still apply in our 21st world? Consider each of Peels principles: which ones do you believe are still relevant for police services and which ones are less relevant or even irrelevant? Also, in retrospect, do you think that the early Londoners were right to be suspicious of the creation of an organized police force? LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION - ORIGINS AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT

EARLY CANADIAN POLICE NWMP, Dawson, Yukon July 1900 courtesy of Wikimedia Commons The Mounties “always get their man” Marc Montgomery Radio Canada International The ideal, printed above in a Newspaper article from 1877, is familiar to most if not all Canadians. The article outlines the success of the North West Mounted Police (predecessor to the RCMP) in clearing “up illegal whisky trade” and summarizes their work with the now familiar “Mounties always get their man”. Early policing in Canada was dependent on community enforcement and largely mirrored nineteenth century models of punishment and correction. Police work in Canada in the mid-1800s was marked by significant diversity; each region had its own policing arrangements which reflected the needs of the community. The text outlines some of those differences in such places as Halifax, Newfoundland and Quebec (Griffiths, 2016, p.30). Important dates in Canadian policing history for the creation of first constables:  Quebec (1651)  Upper Canada (now Ontario) early 1800s  Policing in the west late 1800s It is also noted that, during this time, there was an increasing concern about the “criminal classes” and the perception that crime was becoming widespread. This scholarly debate of this continues to present day (Government of Canada –DOJ, Public Perception of Crime ). This executive summary notes that the general Canadian crime trend is down, but indicates that specific crimes, such as youth crime are concerning. As in the 1800s, what is clear now, as was then, the government plays a more “proactive” approach in creating systems for controlling crime, during this time period it is clear that activity was creating police forces. Sheriffs, police chiefs and constables were initially responsible to local elected government officials such as the mayor and the councillors/aldermen, therefore, these positions were appointments made at the mercy of local politicians. Here again, the suggestion of politics arose, in that councillors might favour one police candidate over another. As you read the “Early Municipal Police” in the Griffiths (2016) text, note the various implementations of police forces across Canada. And, how duties were carried out and by whom.

In some parts of Canada, more notably Ontario, the provincial government stepped in and created Boards of Commissioners of Police, which consisted of a majority of provincial appointees. This sparked resentment from municipal officials who resented having to raise taxes to pay for policing over which they had no control. This controversy continues until today. In other provinces, such as Nova Scotia, the Police Commissions still exist. Life in rural Canada was different. In areas far removed from military centers, neighbourhood "Watches" were established and early patrols of villages by volunteers were common. In rural Canada, the Maritimes were a prime example of Robert Peel's concept: "The People Are the Police and the Police are the People." In many parts of rural Canada, policing did not come about until the creation of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police as a federal force. But that will be discussed in Lesson 2. Learning Activity (optional) Before we move on, here is an option to assist with note taking as you move through the lesson plan. Create a chart identifying major themes in policing in upper Canada, lower Canada, West (B.C), Halifax and Newfoundland. Ensure you specifically address the roles of the early municipal and provincial police and RCMP. Your chart may look something like this: Location Policing Developments Upper Canada Lower Canada *West Nova Scotia/Newfoundland Once you have completed your charts click on reveal to compare answers. Location Policing Developments Upper Canada Appointment of high constables; unpaid constables within parish’s/township. Similar Lower Canada Justices of the Peace appointed constables; rejection of French dominated policing m *West First police force established in 1871; followed the Irish Constabulary model Nova Scotia/Newfoundland *Captains of fishing vessels “fishing admirals” were appointed to fight crime and kee

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FUNCTIONS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF EARLY MUNICIPAL POLICE When municipal forces were finally established they generally had a three-part mandate: 1. Police conflict between ethnic groups and between labour and employers 2. Maintain moral standards e.g. alcohol, prostitution, and gambling 3. Apprehend criminals However, as noted in the text readings, the officers’ duties also included: dog catching, sanitation, firefighting and building inspector (Griffiths, 2016, p.31). Just to name a few. Can you identify past responsibilities that officers are still held accountable for today that may be outside their training and/or expertise? The municipal services were also heavily influenced by politics and were often used by politicians as a private army against opposition groups. Note just a few significant occurrences:  Toronto 1839-1860: twenty-six riots - almost all conflicts between rival political factions  Toronto 1870-1920: Toronto Police focused efforts on controlling “dangerous classes” This historical time period was also marked by the hiring of new officers with little to no requirements or training. Instead the focus was on physical attributes. Note the description of the approach taken by municipal authorities in Hamilton (1881): “Judge Sinclair…felt their thighs, poking them with a finger. Next the men had to walk about, turning left and right while the commissioners commented on the good and bad points about their backs and shoulders. To measure stamina, five were singled out and asked to jog around council chambers. Commissioners preferred married men…as they were steadier…”(Whitelaw & Parent, 2014, p.12). Without requirements, save hefty thighs and being married, the municipal forces were not able to maintain a high moral standard nor were they particularly good at catching criminals. In fact, many departments were notoriously corrupt. Griffiths notes:  bribe taking  protecting strikebreakers  officer alcohol abuse  gambling Community distrust grew and it became apparent that the local law enforcement authorities were not able to maintain order, especially in situations involving strikes and political demonstrations. It is not illogical to note that the federal government often sent in the RCMP as a federal police force which often ended with disastrous consequences.

In fact it was the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) that generally responded to labour unrest in the 1900s from the coal miners strikes in Nova Scotia to the railway workers in Winnipeg, thus setting the stage for the discussion surrounding the development of the NWMP and eventual RCMP that is discussed in detail in Lesson 2. Learning Activity (optional) Self-Test 1 Now that you have completed the required readings from Griffiths chapter 2, and reviewed the lesson notes 1.1 – 1.3, take some time to gauge your progression. Below is a NON-GRADED self-test. This test is designed to provide you with instant feedback on your learning. This will also help familiarize you with the types of questions that may be asked on the upcoming graded quizzes. Additionally, research has shown that testing is one of the ways to help students retain information. First Tavern owners Second Militias and Navy Third Fishing Admirals Fourth- Justice of the Peace/ Constables which is the correct anser he main purpose for the policing system introduced in Montreal was to protect: settlement from Iroquois which is the correct answer The first constables for the Sudbury municipal police were also the dog pound caretakers: True which is the correct answer The French influenced system of Policing is still alive and well in Quebec: False was replaced by the British system which is the correct answer Which Canadian city appointed the first police constables: Quebec EMERGING MODERN POLICING AND THE EXPANDING ROLE Moving forward from our historical Canadian beginnings, we can now look to how Canadian policing roles are evolving into a modern police service. Current changes in long established policing structures, ideologies and operational practices can be linked to changes in economy and culture in modern, evolving societies such as Canada. For example, the Canadian Firearms registry which was managed by the RCMP was disbanded in 2012. Opponents to the registry cited the excessive annual

operating costs of the program estimated at 2 million (reference RCMP Canadian Firearms Program, Program Evaluation ). It has been suggested that transition from modern to postmodern policing is marked by a few core changes: a. restructuring and relocation of policing authority and responsibility For example according to the Association of Municipalities Ontario ( AMO ) Policing Modernization Report (2015) police should prepare for the developing demographic shift which will accompany an aging population resulting in changes to the nature and types of crime associated with an aging population. b. re-conceptualization of public policing The AMO (link provided above) also discussed the use of lapel or body cameras on officers should be studied carefully from a cost-benefit analysis. This should include the broader policy and privacy implications for officers and members of the public. These are significant implications for the modern officer. c. rationalization and commodification of public and private policing services Finally, the AMO discussed that independent research capacity on policing issues needs to be expanded to assist police services with evidence based decision making. Both police services and independent research institutes have a role to play. These key shifts in policing structure and ideology suggest the declining importance of modern policing assumptions and the emergence of a distinctive postmodern model of public policing in Canada. The social and political implications of this policing transition for citizens, governments are significant. Take a moment... These changes in policing discussed above are significant and if they have not already impacted officers, they certainly will. Consider for a moment….  Have you encountered an officer wearing a body camera? Do you think this devise affected the interaction? In what way?  How do you think the increased use of cell phone camera to document police behaviour has impacted policy and practice for officers? Do you feel there has been a change in how officers carry out their duties? Explain.  In what way has increased citizen use of cell phone cameras changed citizen behaviour? Negatively? Positively? LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION - ORIGINS AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT TRENDS The changes in the types of calls or occurrences investigated by police leads nicely into the topic of ‘trends’. Crime trends or policing trends can be thought of, in some ways,

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like fashion trends. Simple, yes, but like fashion trends, policing trends come and go based on things such as demographics, political powers, socioeconomic changes, etc. The Griffiths readings detail these trends; a summarization is provided below: Trends in Policing I: If the 21st century has taught us nothing, it is that the police, their services and their budgets are visible in almost every way possible, e.g. television, radio, social media, public debate, etc. Below are just some of the current trends in policing that are routinely a part of public discourse:  Increasing costs i.e. Amalgamation of Police – Budget  Increasing visibility of police i.e. Do Canadians Have The Legal Right To Film and Photograph Police Activities?  Impact of legal and regulatory changes i.e. Ontario moves to limit police sharing non- conviction information and Ontario to regulate police carding, opening practice to Charter challenge Trends in Policing II: Policing is no longer monopolized by the public police, that is, the police created by government. Policing is now being widely offered by institutions other than the federal government, such as by private companies on a commercial basis and by communities on a volunteer basis. The concepts of tiered, collaborative and pluralization of police is presented on pg. 45 in Griffiths (2016), there the authors consider the following:  Tiered Policing  Collaborative policing  Pluralization of police  Private security practices  Community policing Learning Activity (optional) In your study notes list and describe each of these concepts of tiered, collaborative and pluralization of policing using your textbook and journal reading for guidance. NOTE: The third trend in policing draws heavily on the Bayley & Shearing 1996 and Sheptycki (2005) articles. The Bayley article is out of date in some respects (e.g. trends and policies, etc.), however some of the ‘predictions’ discussed are applicable and are supported in the more current Sheptycki (2005) article. At the very least it is important to see the driving forces behind the restructuring of police. See if you can answer these questions after you read these two articles. Once you have finished reading the article answer the following questions in your study notes: 1. What have the authors identified as the driving forces behind restructuring?

2. What is meant by the pluralizing of policing? Has it made communities safer? 3. What do the authors suggest for police to be more effective? 4. What do the authors warn are the pitfalls with pluralization regarding equity and democracy? 5. What are your thoughts on this article? Once you have completed your notes click on the reveal button below to check your answers and see my thoughts about the article. 1. (fear of crime, the inability of government to satisfy society’s longing for security, the commodification of security, the rise of mass private property, and cultural individualism) 2. (Policing – the visible agents of crime control not necessarily just the police. New policing agents come paid and unpaid (volunteers in community). Paid can be private security companies or directly hired by companies to work as security specialists. Police no longer the primary crime deterrent presence in society. Pluralization has made communities safer.) 3. (community policing. Crime oriented policing and the hybrid: order- maintenance policing 4. (Pluralization favours institutions and individuals that are well-to-do. Private security serves employers better than employees, owners better than patrons, and institutions better than individuals.) 5. The reason I included this article was ... Trends in Policing III (Bayley & Shearing, 1996 & Sheptycki, 2005): The third trend discussed is geared toward a future vision of policing. The monopoly on policing, long held by the government, has been broken by the creation of a host of private and community-based agencies that prevent crime and deter criminality among other things. Police and policing have become increasingly distinct and new policing agents come in both paid and unpaid forms. The former are referred to as private security; the latter as community crime prevention. To complicate matters further, private security- the paid part of private policing-comes in two forms:  people employed by commercial companies who are hired on contract by others  persons employed directly by companies to work as security specialists. Private police now outnumber the public police in most developed countries. The essay presented by Bayley & Shearing (1996) discusses the future of policing and the effect that the trends presented here may have. Sheptycki follows up and builds upon the ideas offered by Bayley and Shearing discussing the accountability of transactional policing. As noted above and throughout the second chapter of the text you have become familiar with the increasing cost of policing along with increasing budgetary constraints placed on police services. As a result there is a movement toward civilianization of positions in polices services.

 Civilianization of policing  IncreasiFng role of technology  Globalization of police work  Canadian Warrior “Cop” Early policing primarily confined civilians to clerical positions, yet recent years has shown a dramatic increase in civilians holding “core” positions previously held by sworn members. In 2015, 29 percent of civilians (Stats Canada, 2015) in police services were employed as management professionals. 55 Police services have come to recognize that civilians can provide expertise that is not often available in the ranks of sworn officers. Civilians also provide a thread of continuity in police services, within which sworn personnel are frequently moved between positions. In the Vancouver Police Department, for example, civilians head the research, policy, planning and the audit section (Griffiths, 2016). Along with the addition of civilians to key positions, advances in technology have also significantly impacted traditional models of policing. Your text (Griffiths, 2016, p. 46) discusses the telephone, the patrol car and the two-way radio as making “fundamental changes in how police services were delivered and were the basis for the professional model of police work; policing became “reactive”, that is, when a citizen telephones the police, their services can react accordingly. Other technological changes discussed include:  Computers (rather than the citizen oriented)  Centralized dispatch  Mobile Data Terminals  GPS  CED  Criminal Intelligence analysis Significant changes indeed. Toronto G20 courtesy of Wikimedia Commons Lastly, this chapter reading introduces the idea of the Warrior cop. How many of you are familiar with Lt. Colonel Grossman and his many books (see references)? I personally attended a Gang seminar a few years back in Ontario where I listened to the Lt. Colonel speak for nearly six hours straight. He is definitely a dynamic speaker and kept the audience engaged for the entire day! However, his approach personifies the concept of “Warrior” officer – or sheep dog HUA! (his required response when he speaks: Heard Understood Acknowledged) A report by the American Civil Liberties Union, titled “War Comes Home: The Excessive Militarization of American Policing ” and the more recent news article “ Are We Training Cops to Be Hyper-Aggressive Warriors , published by The Nation concluded

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that American policing had become “unnecessarily and dangerously militarized”. This concern is spreading to Canada, Criminologist Robert Gordon referred to it as “creeping militarization” in Canada. Examples such as equipment, training and emphasis on para- military policing structures are used to make the point. The concern is that militarization does not necessarily make communities safer, but instead drives a wedge between public and community. It undermines the seven principals of policing originally laid out by that ever important Sir Robert Peel. Have a look and see if you can identify the changes between Peels vision and the current “creeping militarization” Take a moment . . . Think of how each of these changes/advancements affects how policing has evolved. Consider how this impacts the way in which you perceive the police. Have you ever called the police to report a crime, incident, or request help? Did the officer attend the scene? Did you note the different types of technology the officer utilized while on the call? Or, did the officer take only paper and pencil notes? Conversely, did the officer even attend or were you directed to attend a reporting center or perhaps go online to report the incident? How does this impact the perception of policing? Have you encountered tactical vehicles at community events? What are the different messages conveyed by these vehicle? Is there presence an example of militarization? POLICE FUTURE As the world shrinks through the process of globalization The emergence of the global village, the increasing interdependence of the world’s nations, and the rapid development and spread of technology have created opportunities for new and more sophisticated forms of criminal activity. Police services must now consider the world beyond their immediate jurisdictions and collaborate with other police organizations, both national and international. Today, working groups of cyber-cops are patrolling the Internet, and officers are involved as peacekeepers in a number of countries. In 2011, Canada and the U.S. signed a perimeter and security agreement designed to increase information-sharing and to integrate cross- border criminal and intelligence investigations. Among the concerns raised by critics is the need to safeguard information on Canadian citizens and the provision that U.S. police officers may be present in Canada.

The public police are going through an intense period of self-questioning, indeed, a true identity crisis. Discussions prevalent in current media question the effectiveness and or efficiency of police to control crime, maintain public security and do so in a diversely yet inclusively fashion. In order to answer to public scrutiny Police services are examining every aspect of their performance-objectives, strategies, organization, management, discipline, and accountability. Take a moment... to consider what the implications are for marginal communities, e.g. poor, minority, etc with the emergence of collaborative policing within Canada? What are some potential pitfalls and advantages? What are the budgetary considerations for the pluralization of policing within Canada? LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION - ORIGINS AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT CONCLUSION In this unit, beginning with sections 1.0-1.3 we have considered a long and vibrant evolution of Canadian policing. Beginning in England we learned how the expansion from agricultural communities into bustling community life required changes in the expectations of the people within those communities and how we codified those expectations, i.e. the need law and law enforcement. There was also an introduction to terminology that provides the foundation for policing: 1. Hue and Cry able-bodied men assist the police in the pursuit and apprehension of law violators. 2. Frankpledge responsible for reporting crimes and to respond to hue and cry. 3. Tythingman Elected community spokesman responsible for keeping order; considered the forerunner of the English police officer. 4. The Statute of Winchester A statue making policing a community responsibility. 5. Justice of the Peace Act The act that centralized peacekeeping duties under justices of the peace appointed by the king. Most importantly the text introduced Sir Robert Peel and the Principles of Policing. These principles largely guide our modern day ideals of policing that included (but not limited to):

 Perform duties in accordance with public approval  Maintain public favor by remaining impartial  Do not usurp the powers of the judiciary As the reading progressed it becomes clear that the Canadian tradition has its own unique approach to providing communities with service. Can you recall some of the significant differences? We also see noteworthy turmoil as a result of little standardized requirements and training, e.g. political and municipal corruption, corruption at the officer level and eventual distrust by the communities. It is not surprising that the federal police were often brought into communities to keep the peace where the municipal forces could not. Can you note some of the political uses of municipal services in the 1800s and early 1900s? Think back to the Toronto examples. Do we have modern day examples of policing the “criminal classes”? Sections 1.4 to 1.5 give us a modern picture of policing and the current trends that are faced by police service boards, senior management, investigators and patrol officers. Three different trends were discussed that can be grouped as follows: Trend I: Regulatory changes Trend II: Pluralization/Collaborative Policing Trend III: Budgetary/Technological Pressures The 21st century has brought significant changes to how services conduct themselves and to how they are perceived within the society they serve. These changes summarize, in a way, what the communities expect of their service along with the responses generated within departments. Section 1.5 also brings to light an interesting trend toward the “warrior cop”. Fueled by Hollywood personification of the Warrior Hero, this personification is pointed to an example of the excessive militarization of American policing, and is thought, by some, to be expanding to Canada. The concern presented is that militarization does not necessarily make communities safer; remember Peel’s Principle:  Public cooperation decreases with physical force  Perform duties in accordance with public approval Physical force is always going to be a hot button issue; however, if police services are to work with communities then the issue of use of force will need to be addressed and consideration will have to be given to the validity of ‘militarizing’ police services. Finally, 1.6 points toward the future and Bayley and Shearing (1996) give a glimpse into what is considered when trying to predict what the future will hold. Some of their

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predictions were accurate, the pluralization of police, for example, and police agencies having to work in concert with ‘private’ police. Section 1.6 also sets the stage for considering the shrinking global village, the increase of technology, the extension of terrorism across arbitrary boundaries, shrinking budgets, ageing communities and the demand for police to accomplish targets and be completely transparent while doing so. There will be much for us to discuss as we move forward. Learning Activity (optional) In your notes, create a chart that summarizes the main themes that describe the developments of Canadian Police work during the 20th Century, 21st century, and in the future. Once you have your ideas jotted down click on reveal to see my thoughts and add to your list. 20th Century 21st Century 20th Century 21st Century Future Changing role of communications Introduction of ‘private policing’ Militarization of police Early introduction of computers Changing economy; the disbanding of Long Gun registry Video Surveillance of police Comms and Computers *change the way police respond to calls Mobile Command centers in police cruisers Proactive technology dispatc hotspots prior to crime Traditional policing model Reactive to Proactive models* Community/police meshing Civilian Roles Small Intelligence Analysis Civilian roles grow significa Key Terms  Militarization of Policing  Bobbies

 Hue and Cry  Metropolitan Police  Justice of the Peace Act  Bow Street Runners DISCUSSION I have added a direct link here to the lesson one discussion board . Please note that lesson one discussion board will be closed at the end of the second week. Discussion Topic (Lesson 1) After reading Sheptycki (2005) and Bayley & Shearing (1996), discuss national policing systems and systems of transnational police co-operation and how they are significantly out of synch with the needs of the social order, both within national jurisdictions and transnationally, as proposed by Sheptycki. Lesson 2: Police in the Canadian West LESSON 2: POLICE IN THE CANADIAN WEST TASKS  Listen to the assigned media (links provided in lesson)  Complete Unit 1 Quiz see end of lesson for further instructions  Complete Executive Summary by the end of lesson 2  Post to Lesson 2 discussion forum.  Note : there are sections with additional readings discussed to enhance the Lesson material, these are not required readings. Required readings are listed in the 'Readings' section  For a complete listing of actual due dates consult the course calendar

LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this lesson you should be able to:  Discuss the origins and structure of policing in the Canadian west  Trace the origins of the RCMP and discuss the challenges that it faced e.g. legitimizing their role, the Canadian peoples general dislike of the RCMP and the government’s role in legitimizing the RCMP  Detail the unique features and challenges of RCMP remote policing READINGS .  Read Griffiths Chapter 2  Read Griffiths Chapter 3  Read Lesson 2  INTRODUCTION  NWMP, Dawson, Yukon July 1900 courtesy of Wikimedia Commons  Listen to: “North-West Mounted Police in the late 1800s”, CBC Digital Archives, 1964, cbc.ca/archives  DID YOU KNOW:  "Doctors said if it was a fraction of an inch more, then I would have died," says William Henry Walden in this 1964 CBC Radio clip. Walden, a whopping 106 years old, is recalling being shot by an arrow during in his time as a North-West Mounted Police officer. Walden joined the NWMP (the precursor to the RCMP) back in 1877. He remembers it as a "pretty hard job," but makes a special point to say "the Indians" were "as good a person as any white man."  In Lesson 1 you were introduced to the Mounties and some of the early reports as they expanded from the North-West Mounted Police. As you have probably surmised from the readings in Lesson 1 ( Marc Montgomery Radio Canada International ) and the archive article posted about, the NWMP and the RCMP have a varied and colorful history. Lesson 2 will introduce you to some of the events that have shaped the “Mounties” into their current iteration. THE FUNCTIONS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF EARLY POLICE

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As we learned in Lesson 1 early police services did not emerge in western Canada until the mid to late 1800s. Uniquely, policing in the west was carried out by agents of the Hudson’s Bay Company. As late as 1861, the presiding judicial officer of the HBC served as coroner, jailer, sheriff, and chief medical officer. There is little doubt that it was in the best interests of the HBC to maintain peace and order in the West to ensure that there were no disruptions to trade and commerce (Griffiths, 2016, p.35). The development of provincial police is linked to Confederation and the establishment and growth of the federal police service, now known as the RCMP. Take a moment . . . and consider the following early Canadian policing structures. Early Municipal Police Largely headed up by community members, militias and the navy. Ultimately they were deemed insufficient to meet the needs of increasingly urbanized industrialized society Western Canada Policing Police forces in the west did not begin to emerge until the late 1800s. Early police forces were modelled on the Royal Irish Constabulary and established in response to increases in violence and disorder that followed the discovery of gold. The Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) was the armed police force of the United Kingdom in Ireland from the early nineteenth century until 1922. A separate civic police force, the unarmed Dublin Metropolitan Police controlled the capital. The RIC's successful system of policing influenced the armed Canadian North-West Mounted Police (and its predecessor RCMP) and the armed Royal Newfoundland Constabulary in Newfoundland. For your interest, The Royal Irish Constabulary: Home is a website that details the history of the RIC. Early Provincial Police After Confederation there was significant growth of the federal police force now known as the RCMP. The constitution act of 1867 allowed the federal government to enact criminal law and procedures along with enforcement of laws. The administration of justice was then delegated to the provinces. This resulted in provincial governments establishing law enforcement agencies, courts, and correctional institutions. (Lesson 1.2) Learning Activity (optional) Consider the following… “RCMP’s reputation debated”, CBC Digital Archives, 1973, cbc.ca/archives  What are your thoughts on the main points regarding the Reputation of the RCMP that were put forward by former Commissioner Kelly and historian Lorne Brown?

 What points did the debaters make that suggest, generally, the role the RCMP play in Canadian Society?  What role, if any, should police play in policing morality? As discussed in Lesson 1, morality was a significant role in early municipal policing, what if any of those issues should be considered when answering this question? THE ORIGIN OF THE RCMP Federal Policing: The RCMP The North-West mounted police were founded in 1873, they were a military-style police force also modelled on the Royal Irish Constabulary rather than on the urban model developed by Peel. It has been suggested that the RCMP were established to play a similar role to that of the Canadian Pacific Railway during the expansion of the Canadian west. The NWMP would be responsible for:  preserving peace in the west  establishing political and economic sovereignty  protect against perceived threats of American Annexation  settle indigenous lands  protect Aboriginal people The last point, however, experienced significant debate (Griffith, p. 37). It is easy to imagine that there had been significant political opposition as well as internal turmoil as this police force developed. In 1920 the NWMP became the RCMP and as a larger police force with broad powers they faced noteworthy issues:  RCMP faced high rates of desertion  Significant resignation  Improper conduct by officers (severe isolation considered a main source)  Reported by critics as “scoundrels, scalawags and brainless, idle loafers  Criticized for impeding on municipal policing  Conflict between municipal forces and RCMP resulted in members arresting each other. MP’s attempted several times to abolish the RCMP in 1922 and 1923; clearly they were unsuccessful. Additional Media Links (optional)

The links provided below supplement your readings from Chapter 2 of Griffith, 2016 and can be used to pose questions within the class discussions if you like. No test questions will be taken from the programs listed below:  “RCMP’s reputation debated”, CBC Digital Archives, 1973, cbc.ca/archives  “North-West Mounted Police in the late 1800s”, CBC Digital Archives, 1964, cbc.ca/archives  EXPANSION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE RCMP  The permanence of the mounted police was tacitly accepted by all parties by the early 20th century. Once Alberta and Saskatchewan were created in 1905, the NWMP was, in effect, rented to the new provinces. Agreements were signed under which the NWMP acted as provincial police.  This arrangement worked well until WWI. The war created severe shortages of manpower and brought new security and intelligence duties to the police. When Alberta and Saskatchewan adopted Prohibition in 1917, then Commissioner Perry, who believed the new liquor laws were unenforceable, cancelled the contracts. Alberta and Saskatchewan maintained their own provincial police forces for the next decade and a half.  By the end of hostilities in 1918 the need for security work reduced significantly and the NWMP future was shaky. Late in 1918 it was determined that the NWMP should either be absorbed into the army or expanded to a national police force.  In Nov 1919 legislation was passed merging the NWMP with the Dominion Police, a federal force established in 1868 to guard government buildings and enforce federal statutes.  The legislation took effect 1 Feb 1920, and became known as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE RCMP The mandate was broad:  Work within diverse populations (Aboriginal and Inuit communities)  Early principal activities were enforcement of narcotics laws  Security and intelligence work. (this stemmed from widespread public fear of subversion fueled by the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the Winnipeg General strike in 1919) During the twentieth century, the RCMP carried out extensive surveillance of:  politicians  university students

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 faculty members It also maintained confidential files on hundreds of thousands of Canadians. Covert surveillance on university campuses began during the First World War and continued into the late 1990s. Part of the Mounties surveillance activity focused on left-wing student organizations and faculty during the 1960s using student informants and undercover police to gather information. “Subversive” groups targeted for surveillance those involved in the “counterculture which included:  “hippies,” (identified by “long hair”, facial hair (on men), conformist clothing, and drug use)  Abortion Caravan (Vancouver Women’s Caucus)  Gays and Lesbians For your interest here is a link to the CBC Digital Archives RCMP uses Fruit machine to detect gays www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/rcmp-uses-fruit-machine-to-detect-gays . Sadly, there are several documented cases of illegal activities and deception of the RCMP  Surreptitious entry  Unsanctioned use of electronic surveillance  Illegal opening of mail  Maintaining files on 800,000+ Canadians The detailed documentation of these findings discussed in the McDonald Commission (1980-1981) lead to the passage of Bill C-9 and the creation of Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS). Unfortunately there are many that would argue that C-9 affected no real change and controversies over RCMP practices continue. Most recently it has been made public that the RCMP conducted unauthorized surveillance of two journalists over allegations by CSIS that sensitive information had been leaked. The RCMP believed placing the journalists under physical surveillance would lead to the identity of the leaker. The investigators involved in the surveillance project only sought permission after they had begun their covert operation. They were immediately denied permission and told to cease surveillance. More can be read here:  Mounties probing CSIS leak conducted unauthorized surveillance of 2 journalists  Cops, spies and journalists: Top Mountie Bob Paulson speaks out  Mulcair calls for inquiry into RCMP surveillance of journalists Take a moment . . .

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and critically consider the following:  After reading extensively about the evolution, creation and expansion of policing and the RCMP what surprised you the most? Why?  What are some mistakes made that you see potentially happening again, what are the indicators?  In tackling social issues in modern policing how do we preserve individual rights and expressions and still maintain public safety? Where is the line between the personal freedom and public danger?  How do the recent allegations regarding journalist and new coverage not only impact media coverage but the wider society?  CONCLUSION  In Lesson 2 we have considered, at length, the development and expansion of the NWMP and the RCMP. It’s noteworthy to understand that the early role that the NWMP played in municipal policing and how, during their, expansion they experienced many of the same issues that municipal services experienced.  Section 2.1 and 2.2 outlined the uniqueness of the Canadian West in the 1800s and the variety of roles the officers had to assume, e.g. coroner, jailer, sheriff, and chief medical officer. The archives, provided by the CBC, give an interesting perspective to the reputation of the NWMP/RCMP and the role that they played within Canadian Society. A common theme for the NWMP/RCMP and the municipal forces has been that of policing morality and that this is often problematic.  It would be worth noting why attempting to set moral standards and policing them is such an insurmountable challenge and what we could and can learn from these experiences.  Section 2.3 & 2.4 begin with the expansion of the RCMP and the hostilities encountered, outlining the eventual, broad, mandated duties?? assigned to the RCMP, duties such as surveillance of the counterculture of the era. Abuse and corruption of these tactics lead to the development of CSIS, and agency set up to oversee the actions of the RCMP and hold them accountable. DISCUSSION I have added a direct link here to lesson two discussion board . Please note that lesson two discussion board will be closed at the end of week 4. Suggested Discussion Topics (Lesson 2) Choose One

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 In what ways are police officers, still responsible for policing morality standards? Who sets the standards? How are they enforced? Are these cost effective and manageable endeavors? In your opinion are current enforcement practices reasonable and/or efficient?  Discuss some of the important lessons learned by the development of the NWMP/RCMP and how that has impacted current day policing? Or have police services not learned for the experiences of the federal police? Explain.  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  The executive summary is a foundational assignment that will aid in the development of the Essay Outline and the Final Essay assignments. Students should select from one of the three topics presented on MLS under the tab Essay Topics. For further details consult the course syllabus.  Once you have completed your 200-300 word executive summary using a minimum of three journal articles please submit your word or rtf file to the appropriate drop box. Make sure you label your file with your last name and executive summary. E.g., Macdonald ExecSum.docx  To locate the drop box click "Dropbox" on the navigation bar above and locate the correct one. Alternatively, for your convenience I have added a direct link Executive Summary . For further information about expectations consult the course syllabus.  .  UNIT 1 QUIZ (WORTH 6.6%)  Unit 1 Quiz will be available during the last three days of this unit. For exact dates and times check the course calendar. This quiz will cover material from unit 1 - lesson 1 and 2. Note that once you start the quiz you will not be able to stop and/or restart. The quiz will be out of 30 points with short answer and multiple choice questions and a time allotment of 40 minutes.

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lesson 1 UNIT 1 CC-291-PD-291 intor to policing

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