CulturalConsiderationsPaper

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1 Cultural Considerations, Issues, and Trends Name Grand Canyon University CNL 509: Counseling the Culturally Diverse Professor Date

2 Short Answer Statements Describe cultural considerations that the counselor must account for when working with a client from each of the following groups (100-150 words each). Identify your considerations and interventions through relevant cultural counseling research findings. Discuss any cultural bias you can identify in your research. Documented Immigrants Documented immigrants are often discriminated against and subject to racial profiling, even though they have obtained the proper records or identification. Immigrants' needs may require special consideration because of the circumstances that led them to come to the United States. There are usually language barriers when counseling immigrants as well, and this can be stressful for both the client and the counselor. Documented immigrants are eligible to receive federal program benefits, but it could take longer to obtain them if they do not have education on how to acquire them. Family separation is also common during this process and can be detrimental to their mental health. “Sometimes, not everyone in the family can obtain the necessary documents, which leads to separation, and they could go years without seeing each other” (Arbona et al., 2010). Counselors must be sensitive, educated on acculturation, provide resources, and be culturally competent to provide the most effective counseling for immigrants. Undocumented Immigrants “Undocumented immigrants usually have a harder time living in the United States since they are not eligible to receive federal benefits (like Medicaid or SS) and have a greater need for public services, which can increase the risk of being deported” (Arbona et al., 2010). This can cause immigrating to be extremely stressful and detrimental to their health and well-being. “Studies have indicated that depression and anxiety are also positively associated with specific

3 dimensions of acculturative stress, including stress resulting from immigration, culture/family, and discrimination conditions” (Arbona et al., 2010). Language barriers can also be a setback for the client and the counselor. It can be beneficial to include an interpreter during counseling if necessary. Because of these fears, it can be hard for undocumented immigrants to get jobs, housing, education, food assistance, etc. This can also create strain on their mental health. Documented and undocumented immigrants need help coping and adjusting to a new culture. As a counselor, it is crucial to consider these fears and ensure their clients that things will be confidential to build trust and rapport for successful counseling. Refugees Refugees are immigrants who have been displaced from their country. It is important that counselors are educated, aware, sensitive, and understanding of their client’s culture and background. Many refugees struggle with in-transit trauma, acculturation, and psychological distress from their journey. Counselors must consider their struggles when trying to find the most effective interventions. “Some research has shown that resilience-based and resource-oriented interventions improve adaptive behaviors and functionality through an improvement of the sense of control, meaning-making, a sense of purpose, self-awareness, and personal growth” (Orang, Missmah, Gardisi, & Kluge, 2023). Most refugees may not be familiar with counseling services, which can cause them to be hesitant to communicate. Language barriers can also cause issues in communication. An interpreter may be needed in sessions, and it can be helpful for the counselor to familiarize themselves with their language. When counseling immigrants and refugees, insurance and finances can be major barriers, too, and the clients may need assistance when seeking counseling services. The counselor must have resources and be prepared for anything.

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4 Short Answer Statements Discuss the cultural issues and trends that specifically apply to each of the following regional population groups of the United States (100-150 words each): The Hmong in California Many Hmong refugees fled to the United States during the Vietnam War in the 1970s. The largest population came to California. Adjusting to life in California was and has still been difficult for many Hmong refugees because of language barriers, lack of education, finances, and mental health disorders from the struggles of acculturation and in-transit traumas. Counselors must understand that generational trauma may exist within immigrant and refugee populations and be able to provide the most effective interventions. The Hmong population today struggles to stay employed and suffers from poverty, which leads to a lack of basic needs and can cause more stress and trauma. “Before seeking Western mental health services, it is common for traditional Hmong adults to pursue help for problems through their family and clan system and through the use of traditional healing method” (Gensheimer, 2006). “When Hmong traditional practices or prayer are not successful, some Hmong adults may seek out western-trained Hmong mental health providers” (Gensheimer, 2006). Cuban American in Florida Due to poverty and harsh dictatorship in Cuba, many Cubans fled as refugees to the United States. The state of Florida’s geographic proximity served as an easy location for the Cubans, and now many Cubans reside in Miami, Florida. The Cuban Refugee Assistance Program (CRA) was a program that helped refugees with employment, education, and health services upon their arrival in the United States. Because of the large population of Cubans now in Miami, the Cuban culture is well-known, and very little discrimination is experienced there.

5 “Although fleeing Cuba had a major impact on the Cuban population, finding refuge in America allowed Cubans to have better opportunities overall, and out of all other Latino populations, they have the highest median income” (Cislo, Spence, and Gayman, 2010). Hispanic Americans in the Southwest “ One of the most distinguishing characteristics of the Hispanic-American population is its rapid growth, and census projections indicate that by 2050, the number of Latinos will increase to 97 million; this number will constitute nearly one-fourth of the U.S. population” (US Dept. of Health and Human Services, 2001). “While many Southwestern Latinos are recent immigrants, others are descendants of Mexican and Spanish settlers who lived in the territory before it belonged to the United States” (US Dept. of Health and Human Services, 2001) and, unfortunately, still experience racial profiling and discrimination. Hispanics tend to migrate to the United States for a better and safer life. They also tend to stay in the Southwest because of its established Latino communities close to their home countries. “Studies show that Hispanics may underutilize mental health services because researchers found that non-Hispanic Whites were seven times more likely to access outpatient mental health services than Spanish-speaking Hispanics due to language barriers and stigma of mental illness” (Moyce et al., 2022). Kurdish Americans in Tennessee Kurdish people began immigrating to get away from Saddam Hussein. They left to escape rebellion, war, and genocide. Many of them migrated to Nashville, Tennessee, in the United States and started a community. Nashville has since become a hub for refugee resettlement for the Kurdish people. “The Kurdish refugee population in the United States includes many highly educated persons with professionally successful backgrounds, has experienced multiple persecutions and displacements, and represents a minority religion

6 experiencing discrimination” (Branam et al., 2023). “This background may differently influence Kurdish refugee perceptions about mental health symptoms, associated challenges, and needed supports, as compared to other major refugee communities within the United States” (Branam et al., 2023).

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7 References Arbona, C., Olvera, N., Rodriguez, N., Hagan, J., Linares, A., & Wiesner, M. (2010). Acculturative Stress Among Documented and Undocumented Latino Immigrants in the United States. Hispanic journal of behavioral sciences , 32 (3), 362–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986310373210 Branam, L. S., Yigit, I., Haji, S., Clark, J., & Perkins, J. M. (2023). Kurdish Refugee Beliefs about Mental Health and Help-Seeking: A Community-Engaged Research Study in Tennessee. International journal of environmental research and public health , 20 (2), 1224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021224 Cislo, A. M., Spence, N. J., & Gayman, M. D. (2010). The mental health and psychosocial adjustment of Cuban immigrants in South Florida. Social science & medicine (1982) , 71 (6), 1173–1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.001 Gensheimer, L. (2006). Learning from the experiences of Hmong mental health providers. Hmong Studies Journal , 7. Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity: A supplement to Mental health, a report of the Surgeon General: Executive summary. (2001). Washington, D.C. Dept. of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service. Moyce, S., Thompson, S., Metcalf, M., Velazquez, M., Aghbashian, E., Sisson, N., & Claudio, D. (2022). Rural Hispanic Perceptions of Mental Health: A Qualitative Study. Journal of transcultural nursing : official journal of the Transcultural Nursing Society , 33 (3), 346– 354. https://doi.org/10.1177/10436596211070592 Orang, T. M., Missmahl, I., Gardisi, M., & Kluge, U. (2023). Rethinking mental health care provided to migrants and refugees; a randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of

8 Value-Based Counseling, a culturally sensitive, strength-based psychological intervention. 18 (3), e0283889. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283889

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