Theoretical Perspectives in Psychology: A Milestone Template Guide

PSY 211 Module Five Milestone Template You must address both Part One and Part Two of the template. Complete this template by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information. Part One: Theories at a Glance Table After reviewing the example row, complete the table below to prepare you to complete Project Two.  Identify the appropriate perspective(s) that best relate to each theorist by inserting an X under the appropriate perspective column. It is possible that some theorists may apply more than one perspective.  Identify the primary theoretical concept(s) of each theorist and provide a brief explanation of the perspective–theorist alignment you identified. Theorist Biological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Psychological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Social Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Primary Theoretical Concept(s) or Theme and Explanation Sigmund Freud (example row) X X Primary Concepts: Psychosexual development, conflicts, neuroses Explanation: Freud's insights on unconscious processes is linked to the biological perspective. For example, different brain systems (i.e., hippocampus, amygdala, sensory cortex) impact memory, emotion, and sensation, all of which can influence our perception. In addition, Freud's focus on conflicts and neuroses is linked to the psychological perspective. For example, unresolved trauma can manifest in phobias, compulsions, and unintentional expressions. Erik Erikson x x Primary Concepts: Psychological and social stages Explanation: Stages from infancy to old age 1

Theorist Biological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Psychological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Social Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Primary Theoretical Concept(s) or Theme and Explanation Maria Montessori x x Primary Concepts: Physical, social, emotional, and cognitive Explanation: Development of the whole child Jean Piaget X X x Primary Concepts: Cognitive Development Explanation: Piaget proposed four major stages of cognitive development, and called them (1) sensorimotor intelligence, (2) preoperational thinking, (3) concrete operational thinking, and (4) formal operational thinking. Each stage is correlated with an age period of childhood, but only approximately. (OSU Library, nd) Lev Vygotsky X x Primary Concepts: Social Development Explanation: Social Interactions, Scaffolding- Zone of Proximal Development —the gap between 2

Theorist Biological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Psychological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Social Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Primary Theoretical Concept(s) or Theme and Explanation what a learner can accomplish independently and what she can accomplish with the guidance and encouragement of a more-skilled partner. (Sigleman,2017) Aaron Beck x Primary Concepts: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Explanation: The fundamental concepts of CBT include:  identifying and changing negative thought patterns,  developing problem- solving skills, and  engaging in behavioral experiments to test the validity of automatic thoughts. (Grouport (N.D.) John Watson X Primary Concepts: Behaviorism Explanation: Behaviorism focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. This learning theory states that behaviors are learned from the environment and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior. (WGU 2020) B. F. Skinner x x Primary Concepts: Behavioral Psychologist Explanation: Operant Conditioning 5-Pinciples positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, 3

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Theorist Biological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Psychological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Social Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Primary Theoretical Concept(s) or Theme and Explanation and extinction https://youtu.be/2DrnhZ8G6EE Mary Ainsworth X x Primary Concepts: Attachment Theory Explanation: Ainsworth (1970) identified three main attachment styles , secure (type B), insecure avoidant (type A), and insecure ambivalent/resistant (type C). She concluded that these attachment styles resulted from early interactions with the mother. (Mcleod, 2023) Albert Bandura X X Primary Concepts: Social Learning Theory Explanation: Social learning theory states that norms, attitudes, expectations, and beliefs arise from an interaction with the cultural or social environment around an individual. (Hammer,2011) Kurt Fischer X X x Primary Concepts: Dynamic Skill Theory Explanation: Dr. Fischer's dynamic skill theory is a comprehensive theory of human development that not only describes mechanisms of development and a developmental sequence, but also considers the impact of contextual and interpersonal factors on learning (Fischer & Bidell, 2006). Urie X X x Primary Concepts: Ecological 4

Theorist Biological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Psychological Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Social Perspective Indicate with an ‘X’ if present in the theory. Primary Theoretical Concept(s) or Theme and Explanation Bronfenbrenner Systems Theory Explanation: Bronfenbrenner formulated an ecological model to describe how the environment is organized and how it affects development. (Sigleman 2017) Part Two: Short-Response Questions  Identify a theorist from the Theories at a Glance table, summarize their theory, and explain the aspects of that theory that relate to one of the three perspectives : biological, psychological, or social. Support your answer with a credible source. The theorist I chose from the table at a glance is Urie Bronfenbrenner. He believes that the biological perspective plays a big part in human development. According to our text, In Bronfenbrenner’s view, the developing person, with his or her genetic makeup and biological and psychological characteristics, is embedded in a series of environmental systems. (Sigleman,2017)  Select another theorist from the Theories at a Glance table and explain how their theory applies to your own learning development and lived experience. The theorist I chose is Lev Vygotsky, his theory of social development applies to my own learning development and lived experience. In the last 10 years I have been through many life experiences that have molded the person I have become today. I have been through drug addictions and recovery learning from social interactions how to stay on the road to recovery. Now over the last 4 ½ years I have been in a relationship with a man that has shown me how to be happy and healthy in my life. His family has shown me how to be a better person and what is or is not appropriate behavior. Growing up my mother never taught me how to act or present myself. Now I have the family dynamic that teaches me how to be a proper woman and friend to others. According to our text Lev Vygotsky’s theory of social development -the gap between what a learner can accomplish independently and what she can accomplish with the guidance and encouragement of a more-skilled partner. (Sigleman,2017) Reference Page Mcleod.S. PhD (2023) Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development 5

https://www.simplypsychology.org/erik-erikson.html Ruhl.C. (2023) Montessori Theory of Education https://www.simplypsychology.org/montessori-method-of-education.html OSU Library, (N.D.) Foundations of Educational Technology, 2.1 Cognitive Development: The PigetTheory https://open.library.okstate.edu/foundationsofeducationaltechnology/chapter/2-cognitive-development-the-theory-of-jean- piaget/#:~:text=Piaget%20proposed%20four%20major%20stages,of%20childhood%2C%20but%20only%20approximately . Carol Sigleman (2017) Lifespan Development 9 th Edition Grouport (N.D.) Key Concepts of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) https://www.grouporttherapy.com/blog/cbt-key-concepts#:~:text=The%20fundamental%20concepts%20of%20CBT,the %20validity%20of%20automatic%20thoughts . WGU 2020, What is the behavioral learning theory? https://www.wgu.edu/blog/what-behavioral-learning-theory2005.html#close PHILO-notes Feb 11, 2022, Skinner’s Theory of Behaviorism: Key Concepts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DrnhZ8G6EE Mcleod.S. PhD (2023) Mary Ainsworth: Strange Situation Experiment & Attachment Theory https://www.simplypsychology.org/mary-ainsworth.html#:~:text=Ainsworth%20(1970)%20identified%20three%20main,early %20interactions%20with%20the%20mother . Hammer TR. Social Learning Theory . In: Goldstein S, Naglieri JA. Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development. San Francisco: Springer; 2011. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_2695 6

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Fischer, K. W., & Bidell, T. R. (2006). Dynamic Development of Action and Thought. In R. M. Lerner & W. Damon (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (pp. 313–399). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7

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