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Table of Contents 1. Leadership Learning Objectives……………………………………………….pg. 3 2. Reflection on Leadership………………………………………………………pg. 6 3. Leadership Traits & Skills……………………………………………………..pg. 10 4. Leadership Styles & Approaches…………………………………………… .... pg. 15 5. Addressing Task &/or Relationship……………………………………….…...pg. 18 6. My Mission Statement…………………………………………………………pg. 20 7. Personal Values & Beliefs……………………………………………………..pg. 22 8. My Leadership Vision………………………………………………………….pg. 25 9. Ethics…………………………………………………………………………...pg. 27 10. Gender & Leadership…………………………………………………………..pg. 29 11. Special Skills…………………………………………………………………...pg. 31 12. Synthesis……………………………………………………………………….pg. 33 13. Appendix I……………………………………………………………………...pg. 35 14. Appendix II…………………………………………………………………….pg. 38 15. Appendix III……………………………………………………………………pg. 40 16. Appendix IV……………………………………………………………………pg. 42 17. Appendix V…………………………………………………………………….pg. 44 18. Appendix VI……………………………………………………………………pg. 45 Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

us who we are. I enjoy making mistakes sometimes because it makes me learn how not to do something. As Thomas Edison said when inventing the light bulb, “I have not failed, I have found 1000 ways how not to do it”. I need to work on inspiring my followers to learn from their mistakes. I see so many people who just keep making the same mistake instead of learning from it the first time. For example, when I’m on a sports team, I notice fellow players making the same mistake over and over. I need to work on helping them to recognize their mistakes and correct them. Fixing the mistakes you make may take time, but making small improvements everyday gradually over time will correct the mistake. I also want to continuously remind myself to learn from my mistakes, especially as a leader. No leader is perfect and I need to always remember to learn from the mistakes I make and not get frustrated or forget about it. Every mistake is an opportunity to improve and I need to continue to work on always utilizing this in order to become better. Part 2: Reflection on Leadership Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

millionaire through hard work and commitment. He always goes the distance to do what needs to be done to reach a goal. He continues to inspire me which keeps me striving to always be better. Resources are something that Emil always uses to his advantage. He sits on a lot of boards of directors, allowing him to have input into the industry. He also uses his connections to his advantage and through that has been able to expand Horseflight across North America and Europe. He has taught me to always jump at opportunities when they arise and never close any doors. I have a much deeper respect for my resources now and do not overlook them as I have in the past. Finally, Emil is committed. He never gives up on a horse or rider. He is willing to put in the extra time in order to make them better. He works hard each and every day to keep his companies successful. He is involved in all aspects of the companies. He is very hands on and thinks outside of the box when it comes to problem solving. He has taught me to never give up, if you push hard enough, you can achieve your goals. He has taught me to be patient when it comes to results but keep working and they will come. Overall, I am very thankful to have Emil has a coach and a mentor Cathy Inch Cathy was my trainer for about six years and I continue to ride with her when I am in Canada. She is an extraordinary person and is one of the most dedicated people I know. She lost her husband to a brain tumor and continued to stand strong through everything that came her way. First of all, Cathy has excellent communication skills. She is very good at explaining things so that anyone can understand where she is coming from. She can adjust her communication style depending on who she is talking to. She understands how people interpret things. She has taught me the importance of good communication. Without communication, success is not possible because no one is on the same page. Secondly, Cathy is so confident in herself. She stands up for what she believes in and does not let anyone push her around. She continuously holds her own amongst other top Canadian trainers and is highly respected because of this. She has put me in the mindset that confidence fuels success, even when the odds are against you. Next, Cathy always had a positive attitude. Whether it is a six a.m. practice or the national finals, Cathy always has a positive attitude. When I get upset with myself for making a mistake, she reminds me that mistakes are what we learn from and to always keep looking ahead. Creativity is another quality that Cathy possesses as a leader. She does not just follow the trends that others set, she thinks outside of the box. She solves problems with solutions that are fit to that specific problem. She has taught me that a leader needs to think differently than others. They need to look deeper and be creative when it comes to problem solving. Finally, Cathy is one of the most driven people I know. She continues to run a very successful horse business out of Northern Ontario, has become one of the top trainers and riders in Canada, and holds the respect of many international riders. I believe that part of the reason I am so driven today is because I have spent so much time around Cathy and seen how far her drive for success has gotten her. Natalie Smith Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

inner interpretation I try to always act with certainty, especially when I am in a leadership position. I believe that my followers will have more respect for me if I stand strong. I want to motivate them to want to also be strong and act with confidence in order to achieve the greatest success. This survey has allowed me to see that most people do interpret me as a determined individual and this inspires me to continue to act in a strong manner. ATTRIBUTE OTHER SELF REMARK Trustworthy 4.8 5 Very similar results Trustworthiness is something that I value greatly. Trust is the foundation to every successful relationship because if you don’t trust who you are working with, you will never perform to the best of your abilities. Part of being trustworthy is being an authentic person which is why I never pretend to be someone I’m not or act in a way that I would not on an ordinary basis. I am happy to know that others find me trustworthy as well. I believe that having people trust me will allow me to be a more motivational leader. ATTRIBUTE OTHER SELF REMARK Dependable 4.6 5 Room for improvement I take great pride in always living up to my word. A commitment (no matter how big or small it may be) is a commitment and should be kept. Being dependable is part of being able to be trustworthy because if people cannot depend on you, they most definitely will not trust you. I enjoy people depending on me because it lets me know that they believe in me to be successful. ATTRIBUTE OTHER SELF REMARK Friendly 4.4 4 Need to work on I am a very friendly person and try to always be welcoming. I struggle a bit when it comes to results. When I am working with others or leading a group, I try to inspire them and let them know that I am there to help them be successful. I will sometimes let myself get frustrated if my followers are not achieving the results I am hoping for. I like to always do things to the best of my ability and expect the same from everyone else, but sometimes I need to work on being more understanding and kinder when others make mistakes or have a harder time understanding than I do. ATTRIBUTE OTHER SELF REMARK Outgoing 4.6 4 Others have a higher evaluation of Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

Part 4: Leadership Styles & Approaches (See Appendix IV) STYLE SCORE REMARK Directive 32 4 over average, score is high My directive leadership style score is considered high. I believe that this is because I expect others to have the same standards and expectations for results as I do. I make it very clear what end goal I want to reach and how I think we should do. I need to work on lowering my directive style score in order to be more adaptive and allow my followers to have more control. I tend to want to oversee everything too much and always be in control. I like to take on a lot of responsibility at work and in life which tends to result in me being stricter with the results I expect from my followers. For example, I have a lot of responsibility when I am training in the Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

Part 5: Addressing Task &/or Relationship When in a leadership role, it is important to consider both the task and relationship aspects of a situation. Both of these aspects are essential in order to achieve the goal successfully. Task aspects are more or less directly related to achieving the end goal. It incorporates the actions required from a leader’s followers in order to achieve the desired results. It is much more geared towards performance than the relationship aspects are. Looking at the relationship side of leadership, it focuses more so on the followers and their well-being. A leader who is more relationship oriented will spend more time talking to their followers and trying to understand how to motivate them. They try to make more of a personal connection than task-oriented leaders do. I agree that both of these aspects are very important to being a successful leader, but I often find it difficult to have the right balance of both. I believe that I am more task-oriented than I am relationship-oriented. I like to achieve the best results possible and I like to set high standards for those that I am working with. When someone that I am working with is clearly Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

prestigious thing to do. For me, I have always had to work for everything I have gotten since my family was not as wealthy as others. I grew up on a farm and learned everything about horses, inside and out. This has given me an advantage as I have much better horsemanship than most of the riders I compete against. I have also gotten a lot of opportunities to ride for other people because I am so hard working and appreciate everything I can get. I now have the privilege of riding for my trainer in the states which has opened up a world of opportunity for me. Unfortunately, I have not yet had the chance to be on the Canadian team but I do hope that one day I have the chance to represent Canada at the Olympic Games. I am confident that with hard work and perseverance, I will be able to accomplish this goal one day. I put this in my mission statement because it has been a part of who I am and who I want to be my entire life. Some people dream of being famous, but for me I want to represent my country at the Olympics. Being successful in my career is a broad goal but it has a deeper meaning for me. Since I am still in school and still learning so much, I am not completely sure on what I want to do yet. I know that I want to work in the sports industry but I have not narrowed in on the exact job that I want yet. I believe I will most likely end up working for a large sports corporation or team, such as the NFL, NBA, or NHL in the department of finance and/or marketing. I’ve only really ever had three jobs in my life, but I have been successful at all of them. The reason I know I have been successful is because I still have two of them and have been promoted in both. The one that I do not still have I simply outgrew, and it is what lead me to one of the jobs I have today. I do not work hard simply to please my employers, I do it to prove to myself that I am capable. I have been recognized for my work ethics and dedication on many different occasions and that is what fuels me to keep pushing myself, to keep reaching for new heights. That being said, it is not the exact job that is important to me, it’s being successful in whatever I choose that is important. I want to make it to the very top of the game and will not allow myself to settle for a dead end job. As I have mentioned, I am very goal oriented and live for the reward of achieving my goals and being able to set new ones. I want to go as far in my career as is possible and continuously strive to reach new heights. I know that I have set very high standards for myself, but I enjoy pushing myself and taking risks. I get bored too easily to settle for mediocracy and have far too large of dreams and ambitions. I have already overcome many challenges in my life and they have helped to make me who I am today. I know that setting huge goals for myself will motivate me to reach those goals, no matter how much blood, sweat, and tears it takes. My mission statement is not just what I want to achieve in my life, it is who I want to be and who I am today. It is not easily attainable because I do not want it to be. I love a good challenge and nothing is more rewarding than overcoming a challenge and doing something no one else believed you could do. The high goals I have set for myself will also teach me many things along the way and set me up to become a great leader. Becoming a great leader is one of the toughest goals I have set for myself. There are many people who become leaders and who Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

strive for greatness, but being a great leader does not come easily and is not for just anyone. When I look at people such as Bill Gates and Wayne Gretzky, I see people who never set a limit on their abilities. They put everything they had into achieving greatness and it paid off. They never doubted themselves and what they were capable of. So many people will let others tell them they cannot do something, they are not talented enough, or they are setting their sights too high. Most people listen to others and limit themselves from what they are actually capable of. I do not want to look back one day and see that I gave up on my dreams because someone told me I could not do it. I want others to look back at what I have accomplished and see me as a great leader. Once again, I will say that my mission statement is bold and I have set the bar very high for myself, but I believe that I will fulfill my mission one day. It will not come without hard work, perseverance, dedication, and belief in myself, but I will achieve these goals one day. Overall, I believe in my abilities and what I want to do with my life and thus I know that I will be successful. Part 7: Personal Values & Beliefs My Top 10 Values & Beliefs: 1. Strength 2. Success 3. Family 4. Honor 5. Leadership 6. Friendship 7. Personal Growth 8. Adventurous 9. Independent 10. Hard Work These values and beliefs are what I want to live by and use to become a good leader. There are many qualities that I want to have, but these ten are the most important ones to me because I believe they will help me the best I can be. It is difficult to choose which one is the most important to me because different aspects in all of them are very important to me and my actions and choices. Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

To begin with, strength is a value that I hold very dearly. Strength has many ways that it can be interpreted and completely depends on the individual. For me, I value strength because I believe that it is necessary in order to be successful. You have to have the strength to believe in yourself when no one else does. You must also have strength to overcome the challenges you will face along the way. I value strength very greatly because it is what has allowed me to grow and push myself to do better and be better. I do not only value my physical strength, I also value my mental strength just as much and believe that a combination of the two is the key to being successful. Secondly, successfulness is something I value very highly as well. I want to be successful in everything that I do. Ever since I was a little girl, I have been very competitive and have learned to accept nothing but the best. Many people will disagree with me, but to me success is essential in order to be happy. I do not like being outshone by someone else, no matter what is at stake. The great thing about success is that it isn’t just about winning, it’s all personal. I strive to be better than I was the day before, to always keep improving and allowing myself to dream bigger. Overall, success is extremely important to me and I strive to be successful in each and everything I do. The next value I want to recognize is family. Family is very different from other values because it is not always something that everyone has access to. I am very lucky to have a family that believes in me and stands behind me. We share many common values and beliefs so we understand each other and what we want out of life. Family is always there for you, no matter what challenge you are up against. It is nice to know that I have people behind me who also believe in me and are willing to help me achieve my goals. Family doesn’t always have to be blood related. I consider my close friends to be family because they stand behind me just as I stand behind them. Family is a value that should never be underestimated or taken for granted and I feel for those that do not have the luxury and availability of a good family. Honor is another value that I hold very close to my heart. Everyone has the opportunity and the ability to be honorable, and yet so many people are not. Honor is taking that extra step that others do not take towards doing the right thing. It is important to me because I want to be able to look back at my life and my choices and not regret anything. Everyone makes mistakes throughout their life, but learning from them and being able to look back on them and appreciate the growth they allowed you to attain is something special. Honor comes from being a good person and pushing yourself to achieve excellence. Honor is not something that you can decide you have, it is determined from the way others perceive you. I want others to look at me with respect and admiration for being a good person. This is why honor is so important to me. Leadership itself is a value that I find very important. Leadership is composed of many different sub-values but it is still a value in itself. Leadership is important to me because I do not want to just be a follower. I want to stand out from the crowd and go the extra mile that others do Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

not. I like to motivate others to reach common goals and I do not like to sit back and let someone else lead me. I find that many people underestimate the importance of leadership and one’s ability to utilize their leadership abilities. I do believe that not all people can be leaders because it is somewhat an ability that you are born with. My ability to be a leader is something that I value very much and I value in others as well. I believe it really tells a lot about what type of person you are. Very similarly to family, friendship is very important to me. Friendship and family go hand in hand in my opinion. Those that are true and loyal friends I consider as family. Family and friends act in very similar way and hold similar values towards those that they love. I am very lucky to have great friends who stand by me and believe in me and my abilities to be successful in any endeavour I set out on. Personal growth is a significant value to me because I am very hard on myself. I do not like to accept anything but the best. Since I value success so highly, personal growth plays a key role in attaining success. I like to see myself progressing and know that I am becoming more skilled. It makes me feel proud when I can look back and see how far I have come and excited about how much farther I can still go. I believe that being adventurous makes for a much greater quality of life. Playing it safe does not allow you to make mistakes to learn from and does not allow you open yourself up to new things. Life is short so in my opinion it is very important to expose yourself to as much as you can. Being adventurous builds character and makes you stronger, which is important to me since I value strength so highly. I think that being adventurous can also help you to become a better leader. Great leaders take many great risks in order to have a chance at great reward. I believe that you will only know how far you can go if you risk going too far. Being independent is something that I really believe in. You cannot always rely on someone else or you will not get very far in life. Being independent allows you to learn more about yourself and expose yourself to new things. Independence is essential to being a leader because without it, you will never be more than a follower. I started travelling around North America to compete with my trainer when I was only 13. My mom did not come with me most of the time and eventually I moved to the states to compete completely on my own. This has allowed me to gain independence from a young age and I will continue to be independent throughout my life. Once again, being hard working is essential to being a great leader. With hard work and perseverance I believe you are able to achieve almost any goal. If you believe in yourself and you are willing to put in the time and effort, the possibilities are endless. I enjoy working hard because it always pays off. The more challenges I overcome and the more I push myself, the more I find I am able to achieve. Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

Overall, these ten values and beliefs are very important to me because they help me to be who I want to be. They motivate me to achieve my goals and to keep getting better. I want to be successful and I want to be a great leader and I believe that these values will help me achieve that if I stick by them. Part 8: My Leadership Vision Everyone who wants to be a great leader one day should have a vision of who they want to be, where they want to go, and what they want to accomplish. There is no set out path that you must take. I believe that great leaders do not follow a specific plan but allow themselves to adapt and make changes along the way. There is only so much that we have control over so being adaptable is essential as a leader. This is what I have based my leadership vision around. I want to be able to adapt to all of the different challenges I face and help my followers to do the same thing. I believe that it is very important to have a plan when you are setting out on a task, but that plan must be susceptible to change in order to be successful. I consider myself to be a leader right now but I am far from a great leader. This is not because I do not believe that I am capable of being a great leader, but because I lack the experience and knowledge required to be one. Leadership is an honour and it needs to be earned in my opinion. I try to be a leader in the tasks and goals I dedicate my time to right now, such as school and athletics. I believe that I am respected as a leader amongst my friends and co-workers and I intend to use this to help myself grow to be a great leader one day. I know that I still have a long way to go, but I am confident that I have the right foundation and am on the right path. As a leader, I want to be someone that others look up to and respect. I want to set examples for younger children who will strive to follow in my footsteps one day. I want others to believe in me and my abilities because I believe in myself. In general, I want to create a greater Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

good for everyone I influence. I find that so many leaders, especially assigned leaders, do not utilize their potential to influence others. Bosses who abuse their power are not respected by anyone and are only considered to be leaders because they were put into that position. This is what I want to avoid in my future. If I do become an assigned leader, I do not want to only be known as that. I want to be a leader independent of my position. Overall, I want to be a leader that influences and motivates others to strive to achieve their own greatness. As I have mentioned, my main goal as a leader is to motivate others to be the best they can be. I have had a lot of people help to influence me to fight for what I want and I want to repay this by passing this forward to others. I believe that the best way for me to accomplish this will be to be a transformational leader. I realize that this is not an easy type of leadership. I do not necessarily want to transform followers to believe and want exactly what I do, I more so want to transform them to believe in themselves and their dreams. I see so many people who limit themselves because they do not think they are capable of doing anything more. I believe that by setting an example for them, I will be able to help create more motivation in my followers. In order to achieve my goals as a leader, I really need to focus on fulfilling my mission statement. I want to lead by example so I want to focus on achieving my own goals in order to help motivate others. The people that I see as leaders, I look up to because they do something to set themselves apart from everyone else. They take risks and they work hard and without even trying to they motivate others to do the same. I find that to be a very important part of leadership: the ability to motivate others without even knowing you are doing so. This is something that I want to do as a leader. I want to work hard to achieve my own goals and aspirations and in the process I want to motivate others to push themselves. I realize that not all people want to be great or will be motivated in the same way and I am ok with this. I cannot motivate everyone, but those that do want to reach for the stars, those are the ones that I want to help motivate. Being a great leader is part of my mission so it is very important to me. Fulfilling my mission will help me to become a great leader and being a great leader will help me achieve my mission. I am confident that I will be able to achieve both of these and they will positively contribute to one another. In order to achieve both of these, I will use my core values and beliefs to keep me on the right path. Sometimes when people set high goals for themselves, they lose themselves along the way and I want to avoid this. I want to make sure that I stay true to myself and therefore will stay true to my goal of being a great leader. Overall, my vision as a leader is to create inspiration in others through my own actions. I want my followers to listen to me and follow me because they are motivated by me. I want them to strive to become their own leader one day and to push themselves to achieve all of their goals. Even when I am only leading because I am an assigned leader, I want to try and implement my ability to create motivation so that the result we achieve together is achieved because we all Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

wanted it and were motivated to do it. I want my vision as a leader to be shared by my followers and I want to be a leader without having to try to be a leader. If I am a leader because of what I do and who I am, that is how I will know that I have been successful. Part 9: Ethics The scenario I chose for the first part of the Tale of Two Stories occurred at my current job. It was about ten o’clock at night and we had already had a very long day at work. I live in a house with a few of my co-workers who I am also friends with. We were at home getting ready to go to sleep when one of the higher level managers called us and asked us to go and pick up a car. The car was supposed to have been picked up by someone else two days before and he had failed to do so. Cassie (one of my coworkers) and I did not see this as to be fair for us to be stuck going to get the car when it had nothing to do with us and was not even a part of our jobs. He insisted that we had to do it and was not overly nice about it. After much frustration we ended up just doing it instead of arguing about it, but we did inform our boss of what had happened. With his help, the manager who had forced us to go and get the car was punished for his poor choice of actions towards us. He obviously was then very mad with us but our boss warned him that if he mentioned one word to us about it he would have to deal with him. The actions we chose to take ended up paying off and I am very glad we stood up to him with the help of our boss. The reason we were so motivated to stand up was because we knew how unfair the circumstances were. The manager who was asking us to do this job knew it was not our job to do but he did not have anyone else to do it and therefore thought he could take advantage of us. I am happy with the results that we achieved but I do wish we could have resolved the issue without having to involve our boss. Ideally, the manager should have been a better person and not asked us in the first place. He knew that we had already had a very busy week and had to be up early the next morning so asking us to do the job in the first place was very disrespectful. I wish we could have allowed him to see this instead of having our boss have to deal with him. Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

Unfortunately, he was not open to seeing our point of view and therefore we had to take more extreme measures in order to stand up for what we knew was right. Overall, I believe that this situation could have easily been avoided but I am glad that we stood up for what we believed was right. It made me realize that no matter what you do, some things are always out of our control because we cannot control how others act. I hope that he learned from this and will not act in such a poor way again in the future. The scenario I chose for the second part occurred while I was at work at school. One of my fellow managers was not acting in a professional way while we were at work at a game. They were slacking off and not setting a very good example for our staff who could see how he was acting. As managers, it is our job to act professional and not get distracted by friends we see or with watching the game. The manager I was working with was talking to his friends in the stands, watching the game, and not keeping an eye one everything as he was supposed to be. The staff that we had there working for us could see all of this. As soon as he started acting in such a poor way, I should have spoken to him and told him that this was not acceptable. Instead, I stood by and did nothing which was a huge mistake. Some of the managers above us noticed his actions and told our boss about it. Our boss was not impressed with my co-manager’s poor choice of actions and I was not impressed with my failure to correct him in his actions. I believe that the reason that I did not speak up was because I did not want to disrespect him. I know that it can be offensive to have one of your co-workers tell you what to do or what not to do so I did not want him to think that I was being disrespectful and for it to come back against me. We are also friends so that made it even more challenging to figure out how I could tell him what to do without sounding like I was bossing him around. I know now that this is a poor reason to not step up and say something. I regret my decision to stand by because it made me no better than him and that is not the type of person I want to be. He was abusing his assigned leadership position and this is something that I have worked very hard to avoid. In an ideal situation, I would have taken him aside and told him that the way he was acting was not very professional and he was taking advantage of his position of power. With the correct word choice and explanation I feel confident that he would have understood where I was coming from and changed his actions immediately. He is usually a good worker and was just having an off day, but I did nothing to help correct him. If I had of talked to him, no one else would have had to tell our boss because I would have been able to correct his actions before they had time to take notice of them. I think it would have been easier for me to speak to him if we had not of also been friends. It is also hard to confront a friend about something they are doing wrong. I was concerned with hurting his feelings instead of focusing on the task at hand. I also think it would have been easier to talk to him if he was not older than me. No one likes listening to someone Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

who is younger than them, even if they are a co-worker. This is obviously out of my control and I should not have allowed it to affect my judgment, but I do know that it had an impact on why I did not speak up. Overall, the Tale of Two Stories has allowed me to see that I am better at effectively voicing my values when I am not dealing with my friends. I feel confident that I have learned from my mistakes but I do still feel like dealing with friends in the future will still be more difficult for me than dealing with someone that is only a co-worker. I think that the most important thing to remember in every situation is to do what your values tell you to do. No matter who the person is, if they are doing something that is against your values and beliefs or are trying to get you to do something, then you need to stand up for what your believe in and not allow them to change you. It is so common for employees to not stand up to their boss because they do not want to lose their job, but I am determined to make sure that I stand up for what I believe is right, no matter who it is I am confronting. Certain situations may require more delicacy than others, but it is still essential to do the right thing. Part 10: Gender & Leadership The Gender-Leadership Implicit Association Test was not overly affective for me. It took me the same amount of time to complete both trial A and trial B ( see Appendix VI) , which told me that I do not have any bias towards gender. I know that this is not true since almost everyone holds some form of bias when it comes to gender. I believe that the reason the test did not work for me is because the traits associated were too transferable. I do not believe being compassionate, understanding, helpful, or sympathetic can be related to being a leader or a supporter or female or male. I find these traits to depend completely on the person you are referring to. I know many females and males who have all of these traits and some of them are leaders and others followers. These traits do not depict leadership or gender, they are just traits that some people have and others do not, but I do not think they are more predominant in one gender over the other. I was surprised that these characteristics were even included to be categorized under female or male characteristics. I am assuming that compassion, sympathy, helpfulness, and being understanding are supposed to be associated with females and followers if I am looking at it from a biased perspective. I know many males who also share all of these characteristics simply because they are good values to hold. I think a perfect example of this would be some of my friends who play competitive sports. They are compassionate about the sport they play and their team. They are sympathetic to those who suffer injuries and face challenges. They are extremely helpful to their teammates who may be in need of advice on or off of the playing field. Finally, they are understanding not only of their team and their sport, but of other athletes and the challenges they all face. These actions do not change whether they are a rookie or the captain of the team and Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

they do not change from a female team to a male. These characteristics are present because they are values that good people believe in and are important no matter what your goal may be. I do find it very interesting that we have the tendency to automatically consider leadership with males. So many famous leaders that come to mind right away are males and I think that this is why we make this connection. Women are much less commonly acknowledged as great leaders which has a negative impact on how they are perceived when they attempt to be one. This also makes it more challenging for us to become great leaders because there are more people to doubt us. Women are becoming a lot more common when it comes to great leaders and I believe that this will help eliminate a lot of the bias that exists right now. That being said, I do not feel that tests like the Gender-Leadership Implicit Association Test are accurately making people aware of the bias that exists. It is very possible that others do not define the characteristics in the same way as I do, but for me this test was not overly helpful. Some of the other association I made also surprised me. I always associated being dynamic and being ambitious with characteristics of a leader. Looking at this again with more time to think about it, there is no reason that a follower cannot also be dynamic and ambitious. Just because they are not a leader does not mean that they may not have their own aspirations and goals they want to achieve, nor does it mean that their personality cannot be dynamic. I also did not ever take into consideration that when I was categorizing these characteristics as leader or supporter, I was then also classifying them as male or female. Both males and females can be dynamic and ambitious. Everyone has the opportunity to be both of these things. I know males and females who are dynamic and ambitious and who are both leaders and followers. All of these terms are interchangeable but when I was thinking on the fly I did not think about that. This also adds to my opinion that the Gender-Leadership Implicit Association Test is not overly accurate because I clearly have a bias towards gender, and yet the test stated that I do not since I was able to complete both trials in the same amount of time. Overall, I do not think this test does an accurate job at displaying gender bias. It has the potential to be useful but I think that some of the characteristics included need to be altered to be more representative of leaders or of followers. I do realize that not everyone may see these characteristics in the same way that I do, but I still feel like they need to be more relevant to one side or the other instead of being so transferable and common amongst all types of people. The test results may not have told me anything about my tendency to be biased towards gender, but the test itself did show me that I am biased and that it is something I need to work on improving. Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

Part 11: Special Skills Everyone has skills of some sort, some acquired through experiences and some natural. The great thing about skills is that they differentiate you from everyone else since no two people are likely to have exactly the same skills. I personally find it very important to continue to expand my skills so that I am able to do more things. The more skills you have, the more there is to make you stand out from everyone else, especially if they are specialized skills. The skills that I have are very unique to me but I value them as skills because they give me an advantage over others. When I was thirteen, I began travelling around North America without my family in order to compete. I then moved to the states at seventeen in order to train with an American trainer and since then have continued to go back and forth by myself. This has presented me with a lot of opportunities that have helped to expand upon my skills. I have become very independent from travelling around by myself so much. I may not have received a certificate for this, but it is very useful at my age. Most other students my age have never travelled by themselves (apart from a grad trip or two) and have not been away from their parents for a long period of time. I have learned to live on my own, work, and essentially fend for myself. My family helps me out when needed when I am away competing but I also work to make my own money. This independence has allowed me to gain a better understanding of what I am capable of and what I can accomplish on my own. While being with my trainer in the states, I have also been able to meet many riders from all across Europe and the United States. The United States is very similar to Canada but it is still Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

helpful to get an inside look at business there and notice the small differences that do exist. I have made many friends and connections and I know these will be useful to me in the future. There are very few people my age who know people from other countries so I consider myself to be very lucky. I have connections in Germany, Ireland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Holland, and England. I have gotten to know people from these countries very well and have been able to understand how business over there works. My trainer also has business partners in both Germany and Holland so I have gotten a first-hand look at how business in Europe works compared to here. This may not really seem like a skill, but I find this very valuable. You can only learn so much out of a textbook, but hands on experience with business in different countries is very important knowledge, especially since I am looking to work in the business world. It is not very common for students to be exposed to this so I treat my knowledge as a skill and I am confident that it will help me in future years. Through working with horses and riders all of my life, I have also been able to gain a very wide and in-depth knowledge of animals and of athletes. As far as horses go, I know how to treat horses for most illnesses and injuries, I am able to give both intermuscular and intravenous injections, I know what training they require, how to design diet plans for them, and what it takes to keep them conditioned for competition. For athletes, I know how to design workouts tailored to different muscle groups and fitness levels, I am familiar with recovery plans from injuries such as torn muscles and concussions, and I understand the mental aspects involved in competing at a high level. Once again, this knowledge might not be useful for just anyone, but I want to work in the sports industry and will always compete horses at a very high level so this knowledge is essentially a skill for me. As I mentioned, I have gained a lot of knowledge regarding understanding athletes and I know this will help me in the future both personally and in my career. This is knowledge that I would like to continue to grow. Since I want to work in the business of sports, this type of knowledge will be very useful to me. I am going to school to learn about the business side of this, but it is through my experiences as an athlete myself that I believe I will gain the most knowledge. I want to learn more about what we can do mentally to prepare ourselves before competing. I plan to do this through working with my physiotherapist and through spending more time talking to other athletes in different sports. Once you get to a high enough level, mental preparation is very important and if I am going to work alongside athletes in my career, I want to have a deeper understanding of this. I believe that my personal experience and advanced knowledge will present me with a skill set that makes me stand out from others that I may be competing against for a job. Overall, I know that the skills I have are not transferable to just anything and will not be understood by just anyone, but I am confident that they will help me achieve my goals and allow me to be a great leader in this area. I want to continue to grow my unique set of skills throughout Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

my life because I believe that the more skills you have, the more potential you have for greatness. Part 12: Synthesis This Personal Leadership Portfolio has allowed me to gain a deeper understanding of my strengths and weaknesses as a leader as well as making me think about how I want leadership to be incorporated in my life. I have always known that I want to be a leader, but this has allowed me to see what I need to do in order to accomplish this goal and be a successful leader. I still believe that leadership is not for just anyone. I think you can learn to be a leader to a certain point, but truly great leaders are born with something extra that not everyone has. I feel confident that I have the potential to be a great leader one day if I am committed to it. In the first part of this portfolio, I came to the conclusion that I need to improve my listening, communication, and clarification skills and that I need to decide on my core values and focus on inspiring others to learn from their mistakes. Those are the things that I felt I needed to work on the most after completing the self-test. Completing this portfolio has allowed me to understand more accurately what I need to improve on. It also allowed me to realize that I already do help others to learn from their mistakes and I do have strong values, I just need to continue to personalize them. One of the biggest things that this portfolio made me realize is that I need to improve my relationship-oriented leadership. It is not just about listening or communication, it is about understanding people and their importance. If one part of your team is not performing at their best because something is upsetting them, it negatively impacts the entire team. There is no way to avoid this which is why it is so important to understand your followers and team. I also realized that one of the biggest weaknesses of my relationship-oriented leadership style is that I Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

underestimate my ability to use this style. I am so goal-oriented that I often forget to think about the relationships required to achieve the goal. I am very compassionate and know how to motivate people to perform at their best, but I let the goal itself distract me. I have the ability to listen and to communicate, I just need to remember that those things are just as important as any other in order to achieve success. I have underestimated how much I am able to help others learn from their mistakes. I often make mistakes when I am in a position of leadership and I learn from these mistakes. What I did not realize was that my followers also learn from these mistakes. When I see a leader make a mistake and learn from it, it reminds me to do the same and it also allows me to learn through their mistake. This portfolio has allowed me to see that my followers do learn through my mistakes and thus are mentally motivated to learn from their own mistakes. This is something that I had previously overlooked but now understand much better. I also doubted my core values at the beginning of this portfolio. I have a set of values but I did not think they were individual to me. I doubted my ability to hold my own set of values but this has allowed me to see that I have held them all along. The values that I discussed in part seven are universal values, but they are important to me for a reason that is not universal. They are important to me because of the involvement they will have in helping me achieve my life goals. For example, personal growth is a value that is very important to me because I have set such high and personalized goals for myself. I know that personal growth is essential to me being successful athletically and in my career because I have not set any limits for myself. So many people set one big goal for themselves so personal growth is only important until they reach the goal. For me, I want to keep going to the next level once I complete a goal. This is very important to me and therefore personal growth has an important value tailored to what I want to achieve. I doubted my values before but now I am much more confident they are unique to me and I have the ability to create my own meaning in them. Overall, I think the Personal Leadership Portfolio has been a lot more useful to me than I originally thought it would be. It has allowed me actually understand my leadership style, my strengths and weaknesses, and my beliefs. I have a much clearer view of how I want leadership to be involved in my life now and how I am going to use it to achieve my goals. I look forward to continuing to expand my knowledge and know just how important gaining experience will be to my future success as a leader. No one will ever be a perfect leader and we all make mistakes, but great leaders stand out because their actions separate them from everyone else. I know that my main goal as a leader to motivate and inspire others to strive for greatness and I believe I have a better idea of how to do this now. I am confident that the deeper understanding I have about my leadership styles and abilities will assist me in achieving future success. Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

APPENDIX I Self-Assessment of Leadership Qualities and Skills A. The Qualities of Leadership Instructions: For each of the statements below, indicate how full your cup is. That is, on a 1 to 5 scale, with 5 being full to overflowing, how do you measure against your own sense of the optimum? Empty to low Half full Full to overflowing 1 2 3 4 5 1. I know myself, my values and skills, my strengths and weaknesses. ___ 5 ___ 2. I am confident of meeting most challenges and emerging intact and feeling good about myself. __ 5 ___ 3. I have a vision of where we ought to be going as a group, community, society, and people. ___ 4 ___ 4. I call my group, community or organization to act out of values that transcend the day-to-day, business-as-usual, garden-variety norms of operation. ___ 4 ___ 5. I possess above-average intelligence; I have lived long and perceptively and use that intelligence to create wisdom, and my actions are tempered by judgment. ___ 4 ___ 6. The learning process constantly excites me. ___ 5 ___ 7. I am constantly renewed by what I learn and by my interaction with others. ___ 5 ___ 8. I am constantly amazed at how I pick out the very broadest implications of enterprises and projects that others see in narrow terms. ___ 5 ___ Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

9. I see events today along a continuum in time, with major trends and the sweep of history propelling change. ___ 3 ___ 10.I see the way to success is through steady coalition building. ___ 4 __ 11. I see great wisdom in building the capabilities of others, empowering them, motivating them to do their best. ___ 5 __ 12.I possess stamina, energy, tenacity, and enthusiasm for my work. ___ 5 ___ 13.I have the courage to take on what I know is right, regardless of my critics and detractors. ___ 5 ___ 14.I possess high integrity and intellectual honesty. ___ 5 ___ 15.I have high moral character, I know what is right and wrong, and act accordingly. ___ 5 ___ 16.I am willing to take risks for something I believe in, whether for people or ideals. ____ 5 __ 17.I am an active, effective listener; people seek me out as a listener. ___ 3 ___ 18.I present my ideas logically, forcefully, and effectively; my ideas are often adopted. ___ 5 ___ 19.I understand the nature of power; I exercise and respect power. ___ 4 ___ 20.I translate authority as responsibility and assume my share of it. ____ 4 __ 21.I achieve results through concentrating on clear goals over time; I build small successes into something larger. ____ 4 __ 22.I have a healthy sense of humour; I laugh at myself and keep cynicism and sarcasm in rein. ___ 5 ___ 23.I keep perspective; I know where we are in a process, how far we've come, how far we've got to go, what's important in the short run and the long. ___ 4 ___ 24.I am known for my flexibility, responding to a variety of situations with appropriate skills, styles and perceptions. ___ 4 ___ B. The Skills of Leadership Instructions: The following skills have been identified as important to Leadership. Use the scale to rate your skill level. Low Level of Often Practice Skill Confident and Capable Competence In order to Improve 1 2 3 4 5 Personal Relationship Skills (working with others): 25.I listen actively to colleagues and those with whom I work; I hear their words and their feelings. ____ 4 __ 26.I maintain an open, warm relationship with others, encouraging them with praise and genuine respect of their views and feelings. ___ 4 ___ Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

27.I provide others with clear feedback, reinforcing positive contributions, clarifying and confronting as is helpful. ___ 4 ___ 28.I elicit information and ideas by asking open-ended questions. ___ 4 ___ 29.I mediate for others, helping them find and reinforce the common ground on which solutions can be built. ___ 5 ___ 30.I facilitate interpersonal and group relationships, teaching by example; and by making these relationships visible I provide both knowledge and skills about productive behaviour. ____ 5 __ 31.I help groups maintain discipline and direction toward achievement, while suggesting ways in which all members of a group can participate. ___ 5 ___ Task Accomplishment Skills (getting the work done): 32.I initiate ideas, actions, solutions, and procedures. ___ 5 ___ 33.I elaborate on ideas, using examples and definitions. ___ 5 ___ 34.I communicate ideas effectively. ___ 4 ___ 35.I coordinate ideas, activities, relationships, making sense out of the piece. ___ 4 ___ 36.I seek information and clarification to shed light on ideas and suggestions. ___ 4 ___ 37.I provide information, bringing a base of understanding to the subject at hand. ___ 5 ___ 38.I analyze the idea, task or process, developing an understanding of each piece and its relationship to the whole. ___ 5 ___ 39.I diagnose the sources of difficulties. ___ 5 ___ 40.I summarize for the group, offering information, alternatives, or perspectives for consideration. ___ 5 ___ 41.I evaluate progress, process and products, holding them up to comparison with standards or expectations. ___ 4 ___ 42.I manage, using a combination of planning, task assignment, and guidance to meet goals. ___ 4 ___ Review each section (The Qualities of Leadership, Personal Relationship Skills, and Task Assessment Skills), underline three or four which you feel are your strongest assets as a leader and three or four on which you wish to work. Use these as one basis for writing goals and objectives for your PLP. Note: This document was produced by the New England regional leadership program. It is posted by the center for rural studies for public use: http://crs.uvm.edu/gopher/nerl/personal/assess/b.html. The center for rural studies assumes no responsibility for the contents. Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

APPENDIX II Leadership Trait Questionnaire (LTQ) Instructions: The purpose of this questionnaire is to measure personal characteristics of leadership. The questionnaire should be completed by the leader and fve people who are familiar with the leader. Make fve copies of this questionnaire. This questionnaire should be completed by you and fve people you know (e.g., roommates, coworkers, relatives, friends). Using the following scale, have each individual indicate the degree to which he or she agrees or disagrees with each of the 14 statements below. Do not forget to complete one for yourself. _______________Nicole Desautels_______________________ (leader’s name) is Key: 1 = Strongly 2 = Disagree 3 = Neutral 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly disagree agree 1. Articulate : Communicates efectively with others 1 2 3 4 5 2. Perceptive : Is discerning and insightful 1 2 3 4 5 3. Self - confdent : Believes in himself/herself and his/her ability 1 2 3 4 5 4. Self - assured : Is secure with self, free of doubts 1 2 3 4 5 5. Persistent : Stays fxed on the goals, despite interference 1 2 3 4 5 6. Determined : Takes a frm stand, acts with certainty 1 2 3 4 5 7. Trustworthy : Is authentic and inspires confdence 1 2 3 4 5 8. Dependable : Is consistent and reliable 1 2 3 4 5 9. Friendly : Shows kindness and warmth 1 2 3 4 5 10. Outgoing : Talks freely, gets along well with others 1 2 3 4 5 11. Conscientious : Is thorough, organized, and controlled 1 2 3 4 5 Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

12. Diligent : Is persistent, hardworking 1 2 3 4 5 13. Sensitive : Shows tolerance, is tactful and sympathetic 1 2 3 4 5 14. Empathic : Understands others, identifes with others 1 2 3 4 5 Scoring 1. Enter the responses for Raters 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 in the appropriate columns as shown in Example 2.1. The example provides hypothetical ratings to help explain how the questionnaire can be used. 2. For each of the 14 items, compute the average for the fve raters and place that number in the “average rating” column. 3. Place your own scores in the “self-rating” column. Chapter 2 Trait Approach 39 Example 2.1 Leadership Traits Questionnaire Ratings Rater 1 Rater 2 Rater 3 Rater 4 Rater 5 Average Self- Rating Rating 1. Articulate 4 3 5 4 4 4 3 2. Perceptive 5 4 4 5 3 4.2 4 3. Self-confdent 5 5 5 4 5 4.8 5 4. Self-assured 5 4 4 5 4 4.4 4 5. Persistent 5 5 4 4 5 4.6 5 6. Determined 4 4 5 5 5 4.6 5 7. Trustworthy 5 5 4 5 5 4.8 5 8. Dependable 5 5 4 5 4 4.6 5 9. Friendly 4 5 4 4 5 4.4 4 10. Outgoing 4 5 5 5 4 4.6 4 11. Conscientious 4 5 5 5 5 4.8 5 12. Diligent 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 13. Sensitive 4 4 4 3 4 3.8 4 14. Empathic 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

Scoring Interpretation The scores you received on the LTQ provide information about how you see yourself and how others see you as a leader. The chart allows you to see where your perceptions are the same as those of others and where they difer. The example ratings show how the leader self-rated higher than the observers did on the characteristic articulate . On the second characteristic, perceptive , the leader self-rated substantially higher than others. On the selfconfdent characteristic, the leader self-rated quite close to others’ ratings but lower. There are no best ratings on this questionnaire. The purpose of the instrument is to give you a way to assess your strengths and weaknesses and to evaluate areas where your perceptions are congruent with those of others and where there are discrepancies. APPENDIX III Skills Inventory Instructions: Read each item carefully and decide whether the item describes you as a person. Indicate your response to each item by circling one of the fve numbers to the right of each item. Key: 1 = Not 2 = Seldom 3 = Occasionally 4 = Somewhat 5 = Very true true true true true 1. I enjoy getting into the details of how things work. 1 2 3 4 5 2. As a rule, adapting ideas to people’s needs is 1 2 3 4 5 easy for me. 3. I enjoy working with abstract ideas. 1 2 3 4 5 4. Technical things fascinate me. 1 2 3 4 5 5. Being able to understand others is the most important 1 2 3 4 5 part of my work. Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

6. Seeing the big picture comes easy for me. 1 2 3 4 5 7. One of my skills is being good at making things work. 1 2 3 4 5 8. My main concern is to have a supportive 1 2 3 4 5 communication climate. 9. I am intrigued by complex organizational problems. 1 2 3 4 5 10. Following directions and flling out forms comes easily 1 2 3 4 5 for me. 11. Understanding the social fabric of the organization 1 2 3 4 5 is important to me. 12. I would enjoy working out strategies for my 1 2 3 4 5 organization’s growth. 13. I am good at completing the things I’ve been 1 2 3 4 5 assigned to do. 14. Getting all parties to work together is a challenge 1 2 3 4 5 I enjoy. 15. Creating a mission statement is rewarding work. 1 2 3 4 5 16. I understand how to do the basic things required 1 2 3 4 5 of me. 17. I am concerned with how my decisions afect the 1 2 3 4 5 lives of others. 18. Thinking about organizational values and philosophy 1 2 3 4 5 appeals to me. 70 LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE Scoring The skills inventory is designed to measure three broad types of leadership skills: technical, human, and conceptual. Score the questionnaire by doing the following. First, sum the responses on items 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, and 16. This is your technical skill score. Second, sum the responses on items 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, and 17. This is your human skill score. Third, sum the responses on items 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18. This is your conceptual skill score. Total scores: Technical skill __ 27 __ Human skill __ 24 __ Conceptual skill __ 27 __ Scoring Interpretation 23–30 High Range 14–22 Moderate Range 6–13 Low Range The scores you received on the skills inventory provide information about your leadership skills in three areas. By comparing the diferences between your scores, you can determine where you have leadership strengths and where you have leadership weaknesses. Your scores also point toward the level of management for which you might be most suited. Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

APPENDIX IV Path–Goal Leadership Questionnaire Instructions: This questionnaire contains questions about diferent styles of path– goal leadership. Indicate how often each statement is true of your own behavior. Key: 1 = Never 2 = Hardly ever 3 = Seldom 4 = Occasionally 5 = Often 6 = Usually 7 = Always 1. I let subordinates know what is expected of them. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2. I maintain a friendly working relationship with 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 subordinates. Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

3. I consult with subordinates when facing a problem. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4. I listen receptively to subordinates’ ideas and 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 suggestions. 5. I inform subordinates about what needs to be done 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 and how it needs to be done. 6. I let subordinates know that I expect them to perform 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 at their highest level. 7. I act without consulting my subordinates. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. I do little things to make it pleasant to be a member of the group. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9. I ask subordinates to follow standard rules and regulations. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10. I set goals for subordinates’ performance that are quite challenging. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11. I say things that hurt subordinates’ personal feelings. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12. I ask for suggestions from subordinates concerning how to carry out assignments. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13. I encourage continual improvement in subordinates’ performance. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14. I explain the level of performance that is expected of subordinates. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15. I help subordinates overcome problems that stop them from carrying out their tasks. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16. I show that I have doubts about subordinates’ ability 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 to meet most objectives. 17. I ask subordinates for suggestions on what assignments 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 should be made. LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE 18. I give vague explanations of what is expected of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 subordinates on the job. 19. I consistently set challenging goals for subordinates 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 to attain. 20. I behave in a manner that is thoughtful of subordinates’ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 personal needs. Scoring 1. Reverse the scores for Items 7, 11, 16, and 18. 2. Directive style: Sum of scores on Items 1, 5, 9, 14, and 18. 3. Supportive style: Sum of scores on Items 2, 8, 11, 15, and 20. 4. Participative style: Sum of scores on Items 3, 4, 7, 12, and 17. Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

5. Achievement-oriented style: Sum of scores on Items 6, 10, 13, 16, and 19. Scoring Interpretation •• Directive style: A common score is 23, scores above 28 are considered high, and scores below 18 are considered low. 32 •• Supportive style: A common score is 28, scores above 33 are considered high, and scores below 23 are considered low. 32 •• Participative style: A common score is 21, scores above 26 are considered high, and scores below 16 are considered low. 28 •• Achievement-oriented style: A common score is 19, scores above 24 are considered high, and scores below 14 are considered low. 33 The scores you received on the path–goal questionnaire provide information about which style of leadership you use most often and which you use less often. In addition, you can use these scores to assess your use of each style relative to your use of the other styles. SOURCES: Adapted from A Path–Goal Theory Investigation of Superior Subordinate Relationships, by J. Indvik, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1985; and Indvik (1988). Based on the work of House and Dessler (1974) and House (1977) cited in Fulk and Wendler (1982). Used by permission. APPENDIX V Leadership Behaviour Questonnaire 1. Tells group members what they are supposed to do. 1 2 3 4 5 2. Acts friendly with members of the group. 1 2 3 4 5 3. Sets standards of performance for group members. 1 2 3 4 5 4. Helps others in the group feel comfortable. 1 2 3 4 5 Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

5. Makes suggestons about how to solve problems. 1 2 3 4 5 6. Responds favourably to suggestons made by others. 1 2 3 4 5 7. Makes his or her perspectve clear to others. 1 2 3 4 5 8. Treats others fairly. 1 2 3 4 5 9. Develops a plan of acton for the group. 1 2 3 4 5 10. Behaves in a predictable manner towards group members. 1 2 3 4 5 11. Defnes role responsibilites for each group member. 1 2 3 4 5 12. Communicates actvely with group members. 1 2 3 4 5 13. Clarifes his or her own role within the group. 1 2 3 4 5 14. Shows concern for the well-being of others. 1 2 3 4 5 15. Provides a plan for how the work is to be done. 1 2 3 4 5 16. Shows fexibility in making decisions. 1 2 3 4 5 17. Provides criteria for what is expected of the group. 1 2 3 4 5 18. Discloses thoughts and feelings to group members. 1 2 3 4 5 19. Encourages group members to do high-quality work. 1 2 3 4 5 20. Helps group members get along with each other. 1 2 3 4 5 Total scores: Task 47 Relatonship 40 APPENDIX VI The Gender–Leader Implicit Association Test Instructions: This exercise begins with a practce trial. Using a pencil, classify each of the words in the middle column into one of the two categories indicated, Flower or Insect, by putng a check mark in the column to the lef or the right. Please do this task as quickly as possible, taking care not to skip over any words. Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

Practice Trial Flower Insec t O Rose O O Lily O O Dragonfy O O Beetle O O Gnat O O Dafodil O O Mosquito O O Daisy O O Roach O O Tulip O You will now complete the two test trials; you will need a stopwatch for this porton of the test. For these test trials, the categories are Male or Female and Leader or Supporter, and the categories will be combined. If the word you read belongs to the Male or the Leader category, put a check in the lef column; if it belongs to the Female or the Supporter category, put a check in the right column. You will record how long it takes you to complete this task by startng your stopwatch when you begin and stopping it afer you make your fnal classifcaton. Remember to work as quickly as possible, without skipping any words. Chapter 14 Women and Leadership 371 Test Trial A Male or Leader Female or Supporter O Emily O O Josh O O Supporter O O Leader O O Brandon O O Ambitous O O Peter O O Determined O O Donna O O Debbie O O Helpful O O Dynamic O O Understandin g O O Katherine O Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

O Ian O O Sympathetc O O Compassionat e O O Jane O O Andrew O O Assertve O Time to complete Test Trial A: ______ 25 seconds You will do this same task a second tme, but this tme the combinaton of categories has been switched. If the word you read belongs to the Male or the Supporter category, put a check in the lef column; if it belongs to the Female or the Leader category, put a check in the right column. Again, use your stopwatch to tme how long it takes you to complete the task. 372 LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE Test Trial B Male or Supporter Female or Leader O Supporter O O Emily O O Josh O O Leader O O Ambitous O O Brandon O O Peter O O Donna O O Helpful O O Determined O O Dynamic O O Assertve O O Debbie O O Katherine O O Understandin g O O Ian O O Sympathetc O O Andrew O O Compassionat e O O Jane O Time to complete Test Trial B: _______ 25 seconds ________ Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426

Scoring The logic behind the IAT is that the longer it takes to categorize the words when the categories have counterstereotypical pairings (i.e., Female and Leader, Male and Supporter ) compared with stereotypical pairings, the more one automatcally associates women with supportve qualites as opposed to leadership qualites. The gender bias efect is computed by subtractng the tme it took to complete Trial A (the stereotype congruent task) from the tme to complete Chapter 14 Women and Leadership 373 Trial B (the stereotype incongruent task). Positve scores refect automatc associatons between Female and Supportive and between Male and Leadership. Many people are surprised to fnd out that they have a biased associaton favoring males and leadership, especially when it is incompatble with their stated egalitarian values. This test is designed to show people that they might hold associatons that they are unaware of and to make people aware of the broad reach of these stereotypes. Please see the IAT website at Harvard University (htps://implicit.harvard.edu) for more informaton on the IAT and a more detailed understanding of the results. Downloaded by MM KK (kaur2shine@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|4879426