Middle Ages 2018 updated

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Oct 30, 2023

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Middle Ages
The Germanic Successor States, c. 500 CE • Last Roman emperor deposed by Germanic Odoacer, 476 CE • Germanic successor states: – Spain: Visigoths – Italy: Ostrogoths, Visigoths – Gaul: Franks – Britain: Angles, Saxons
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The Franks • Heavy influence on European development • Firm alliance with western Christian church
Clovis (ruled 481-511) • Major Frankish leader • Destroyed last vestiges of Roman rule in Gaul • Dominated other Germanic peoples • Franks establish themselves as preeminent Germanic people
The Carolingians • Franks • Charles “The Hammer” Martel begins Carolingian dynasty
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7 The Carolingian Empire
Charlemagne (r. 768-814) • Grandson of Charles Martel • Centralized imperial rule • Major military achievements – Fought Saxons, Moors, Lombards etc. • United most of western Europe – Regarded as the father of Europe
Invasion of Gaul • South: Muslims • East: Magyars • North: Vikings – Norse expansion begins c. 800 CE – hostility toward spread of Christianity – Superior seafaring technology
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The Vikings • From village of Vik, Norway (hence “Viking”) • Boats with shallow drafts – capable of river travel as well as on open seas – could reverse easily • Attacked villages, cities from 9 th century – Constantinople sacked three times • Carolingians had no navy, dependent on local defenses, open to attack
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Regional Monarchies: England • Normans in England – Descendants of Vikings – settled in France – Invade England in 1066 under William the Conqueror – Dominate Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic groups – British Monarchy still descended from him • The most senior line • Certain extinct royal houses bypassed – Tudors, Lancasters, Stuarts – 23 monarchs not in the direct line of descent
Bayeux Tapestry
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Early Medieval Society • Concept of Feudalism – Hierarchal system of lords and vassals and serfs • Ad hoc arrangements in absence of strong central authorities • Local nobles take over administration from weak central government
Serfs • Midway between slave and free peasant • Tied to the land • owes loyalty to a lord • Seeking protection and right to farm
Serfs Rights and Obligations • Right to pass on land to heirs • Obligation to provide labor • Payments in kind to lord – Crops, animals, etc. • Unable to move from land • Fees charged for marrying serfs of another lord
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Manors • Large, diverse estates • Lord provides governance, police, justice services • Serfs provide labor, income
Popular Religion • The Seven Sacraments gain ritual popularity – Esp. Eucharist • Devotion to Saints – Heavenly intercession – Pilgrimages
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Veneration of Relics • Relics – Physical remains of a holy person – Physical remains of a holy site – Or objects that the holy person came into contact with • Spiritual link between life and death • Between man and god • Advocates for humanity • Healing power of objects
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Reliquaries • Containers that store relics • Relics considered more valuable than gold • Needed to be enshrined in appropriate vessels
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Medieval Expansion of Europe • Religious Christians form military-religious orders • Vows of opposition to Islam and paganism • Templars – Wealthiest and most powerful – Skilled fighting force in the Crusades • Hospitallers – Provide care to poor, sick and injured pilgrims – Defense of the Holy land • Teutonic Knights – Protection of holy lands – Protection of Baltic lands
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Templars
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The Beginning of the Crusades • Pope Urban II calls for liberation of Jerusalem from Muslim control, 1095 • Salvation promised for casualties – Promise of spoils of war, land – Helps those negatively impacted by primogeniture • Rapid, enthusiastic response
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The First Crusade • 1096-1099 • Captures Jerusalem • Salah al-Din (Saladin) recaptures Jerusalem in 1187
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Later Crusades and their Consequences • Five crusades by mid-13 th century • none militarily successful • Crusades provide direct contact with Muslim ideologies, trade – Philosophy – Spices – paper production
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Bubonic Plague • 14 th C. outbreaks across Asia, Europe and North Africa • Caused by Yersinia pestis – Bacteria – Infects rodents – Fleas spread disease from rodent to rodent – Fleas can spread to humans • Originated in China – Mongols, merchants and pilgrims spread it to Europe – Via trade routes, ships and biological warfare
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Symptoms • Appearance of Buboes in the groin, neck, armpits • Buboes then migrate to rest of body • Acute fever • Vomiting blood • Sometimes develop more virulent Pneumonic version (respiratory infection) – Either as secondary infection or spread via infected droplets in the air • 80% died within 2-7 days • Died of shock
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Plague Doctors • Physician who treated those with plague • Hired by towns that had high death tolls • City paid their salary – Treated rich and poor • Second rate doctors that would not have had a successful medical practice • Rarely cured people • Counted number of dead • Wore beak masks with scented flowers to protect from ‘bad air’
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Consequences • Death toll varies by area • 50% of European population • 75% of Mediterranean • 20% Germany/England • Cities 50% of the population • Not explainable in the 14 th C. • Extreme piety (flagellants) • Or extreme secularism (living in the moment) • Impact on literature/art – La Danse Macabre/ Dance of death • Amelioration of the peasant class
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