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Toronto Metropolitan University *

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509

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History

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Oct 30, 2023

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The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian exchange: A history of disease, food, and ideas  The Columbian exchange refers to the exchanges that occurred between the New World and Old Word as a result of the voyage of Columbus to the Americas in 1492. These exchanges concerned  Diseases  Ideas  Food crops  Populations  In terms of food, new items were introduced to the Old World’s diet as a result of the exchange, including  Potatoes  Tomatoes  Cacao  Peanuts  Pineapples

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Diseases brought by Europeans to the New World  Europeans brought diseases to the Americas for which the Natives had not developed immunity such as  Smallpox  Measles  Typhus  Malaria  Whooping cough  Chicken pox  It is estimated that between 80 and 95% of the Native population died as a result of the introduction of these germs and viruses in the 100-150 years following 1492

Diseases that Europeans brought back to Europe from the New World  On their way back home, Europeans brought syphilis to Europe  There are 2 theories on the origins of syphilis  The Columbian hypothesis  The pre-Columbian hypothesis  Recent findings appear to validate the Columbian hypothesis

Transfer of New World foods to the Old World  The Columbian exchange expanded the global supply of agricultural goods  It introduced previously unknown foods, many of them calorically rich, to the Old World  Potatoes  Maize  Cassava  Tomatoes  Cacao  Capsicum Peppers  Tobacco  It provided vast quantities of land for the cultivation of Old World crops  Sugar cane  Coffee  Soybeans  Oranges

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Indirect consequences of the Columbian exchange  Quinine is obtained from trees found in the Andes and became the most effective treatment for malaria, thus enhancing Europe’s ability to colonize Africa  Rubber derives from trees in Central and South America as well as West-Central Africa  The Columbian exchange gave impulse to the colonization of Africa in an effort to find labour that could replace the American Natives who succumbed to European diseases (transatlantic slave trade)  Voluntary migrations from the Old World  Introduction of tobacco

Conclusions  Europe benefited significantly from the Columbian exchange, particularly from an economic perspective  The New World suffered instead a number of negative consequences as a result of the exchange  Let’s watch (12min): https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-5-the-first -global-age/53-the-colombian-exchange-betaa/v/the-columbian-exchan ge-crash-course-world-history-23-beta

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Let’s Talk  Like him or hate him, Columbus changed life on this planet and started what today we refer to as globalization. If you think at yourself and/or the ethnic group you belong to, what are some of the most apparent elements of your culture and/or lifestyle that exist as a result of the Columbus exchange? I’ll start but then I would like to hear from you all.