Melia Lemont - Potential questions

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1. Examine the effects of the Spanish-American War on the US foreign policy. US transitioned from isolation to imperialism - The US initially wanted to refrain from involvement in European and eastern affairs. Wanted their own control over their sphere of influence/power. Only would intervene if the problems/affairs treaded on their sphere of influence. - Cuba revolted against the spanish. In return the Spanish sent troops to them. The US warned the Spanish not to go against Cuba but they didn't listen so it led to the Spanish American war. - The US gained Guam and Puerto Rico. gained the philippines for 20 million and then cuba was declared a sovereign state. - After the war, the US focused on imperialism and displaying their country to other countries (BIG STICK) - Great white fleet - displayed US naval and overall strength to the entire world. After the war the US was more focused on establishing reliable trade networks with China and other asian countries. - Open door policy - Americans encouraged free trade, but made it clear they were interested in trading with china and other asain-pacific nations. America wanted to become a dominating nation in global trade - Open door policy - Establishment of the panama canal Continued to exercise its priority to maintain sphere of influence - Monroe doctrine was followed by Roosevelt's corollary which allowed America to intervene in economic disputes that occurred or involved nations within their sphere of influence. - US transitioned from isolationism to imperialism (shy to taking over world) - Open door policy: instead of establishing different spheres of influence the US made a statement that all countries should have access to any chinese port to trade. (equal) - Panama Canal: ships goods quickly between the atlantic and pacific coasts - Monroe Doctrine: Warns european countries that US will not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs - Roosevelt’s corollary: US would intervene in Latin American countries where European powers sought to collect debts. Exercise military in latin america to keep europe out. All By Myself- Isolationism Stay away from europe. Till 1823 Dog Piss- Marking territory in latin america. Warns Europe not to invade. Belly Rubbing- imperialism. Not only hungry for materials but markets. 2. Evaluate the Canadian contribution in the allied war effort in the First World War.

Canada was brought into the war because the nation was a dominion of England at the time. While they retain their sovereignty, their foreign policy is dictated by the actions that England takes. - When england joined the war, canada was automatically brought in - Even though canada did not necessarily have a choice, they supported (reluctantly) At first 25,000 men were sent from canada to europe - Every year that canada was in the war they had to replace 15,000 soldier Many people in Quebec did not want to be directly in the front lines of war, so many opted to help with manufacturing and production of resources for the war - Manufacturing of munitions, clothing, weapons - Agricultural resources - meat, wheat, lumber Canada was in a depression entering world war 1 - Widespread production and support of the war effort on a nationwide level led to some economic prosperity - People were aware that the large-scale of WW1 meant that there would be a large-scale financial burden - Implementation of war credits (bonds), increased taxes, transportation taxation, tax on resources (coffee, sugar, tobacco, telegram messages, etc.) - 2.3 billion dollars worth of war bonds - Took loans from England - Was 5 billion dollars in debt - Canada began to print their own money and eliminated the gold standard Conscription ensued - Some were willing to go to war, others were not - Many people in Quebec resented conscription and did what they could to avoid being drafted (marrying early, committing to factory/industry work to support) - Quebec protested the conscription and eventually became canada's powerhouse for manufacturing the war - Canada sacrificed national unity as a result of their unity in the war - War Bond: debt sold to government to fund military - National Unity: Broad coalition government consisting of all parties in the legislature. Formed during wart 3. Compare and Contrast the effectiveness of Dollar Diplomacy and “Big Stick” diplomacy in achieving the foreign policy goals of the United States. Big Stick Policy

- Roosevelt intended to exercise the impending nature of america's military power as a means of foregin policy - While Roosevelt did not want to conquer and imperialize the globe, he wanted to utilize the to make it clear to the world that America was not a force to be reckoned with and that military intervention will take place if needed. - Military was also used by roosevelt to moderate america's sphere of influence (western hemp) - Passage of Roosevelt's corollary; stated colonization will not take place in western hemisphere. Made it very clear that america would intervene if any other countries had a dispute with any country inside of america's sphere of influence - Example: America used military influence when Colombia would not agree to the canal. America's influence aided Panama in revolting against Columbia and becoming independent. Then when panama was free they could build the canal Dollar Diplomacy - Taft takes a different approach and wants to use America's economic prowess to show their superiority and dominance. - America paid off loans that Central American countries had to European nations. This made the countries indebted to the U.S. and some were not dissatisfied with this. - Nicaragua attempted to reject the loans that the U.S. offered. In this instance, Taft sent military force in the form of ships to Nicaragua in an attempt to coerce the government to accept the loans and become indebted to the United States. - America offers aid to Liberia in Africa - Attempts to neutralize the situation between Russia and Japan in Asia because America had commercial interests in Asia, particularly with China. Overall, I would argue that the Big Stick policy was more effective for America in terms of foreign policy, as it was made evidently clear that opposing America will lead to grave consequences. While the Dollar Diplomacy established America’s economic superiority, it did not instill fear in many aspects and led to instances in which countries refused to listen to America’s demands, or did not take their economic prowess seriously. While both methods of foreign policy are manipulative, I agree with the Big Stick more because America is transparent in their interests and makes it clear that military intervention will ensue if their influence is resisted. The Dollar Diplomacy essentially locks countries and leaves them indebted to the United States. While this is beneficial to the country, this may taint the relationships that America had with certain countries in the Western Hemisphere. 4. Analyze the ideological reasons for the US expansion at the end of the 19th century. The U.S. seeked expansion primarily for economic reasons. The country underwent rapid industrialization, and manufacturing industries were becoming dominant. As a result, the U.S. had a surplus of goods to trade and wanted to formulate trade relations with other nations to prosper economically.

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- The U.S. already had established trade relations with European countries - The U.S. seeked trading partners in Asia, especially countries like China - Ex: Acquisition of the Philippines, annexation of Hawaii and incorporation into statehood - Manifest Destiny - Westward expansion of America itself ● This was desired due to cheap abundant land and the potential to come across precious materials such as gold and silver ● America could have control and sphere of influence over both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, allowing them to foster trading and diplomatic relations with nearly the entire world The U.S. expanded in terms of military size and force to solidify the Western hemisphere as their sphere of influence. The U.S. wanted to have the strongest military so that they can be protected as they establish economic relations with other countries. - The U.S. military also aimed to protect their Western hemisphere interests. In order to deter European and other nations from intervening and colonizing nations in the Western Hemisphere, the U.S. expanded the size of its military - Japan grew to become the largest naval power in the Pacific Ocean. This directly challenged the U.S. Pacific interests, as the U.S. wanted to remain dominant in the Pacific as well (e.g. annexation of Hawaii, acquisition of the Philippines) - American and Japanese relations deteriorated after the U.S. established the Open Door Policy, which aimed to protect Chinese sovereignty and sphere of influence while trading ensued ● Japan rejected the Open Door policy and continued to seek expansion into Asia, causing conflicts with Russia, China (e.g. Manchuria) and resenting the United States. Deteriorating relationship was also a factor in the U.S. expanding militarily, specifically naval expansion in the Pacific Ocean ● Display of military prowess through the circulation of the Great White Fleet Aside from economic and military catalysts, the U.S. felt that they were morally obligated to become a global superpower and become a dominating force in economic, military, and diplomatic aspects - Manifest Destiny - Americans felt that they were entitled to controlling both coasts of North America (from sea to shining sea) - God, Glory, and Gold - Christian influence on America enabled many citizens to believe that it was their destiny to expand and become a dominating force in global trade and politics ➢ Monroe Doctrine ➢ Roosevelt's Corollary ■ Extension of monroe doctrine to give punishment ➢ Manifest Destiny: ideology that the US is ordained by god to own this land ■ Justification for the annexation of Texas ➢ Social Darwinism: hardest working and smartest will be successful (survival of the fittest) ■ Internal and external (involvement w mexico etc) ➢ Population growth: need more land for more housing ➢ Gold Standard - standardized foriegn trade ■ World adopted form of even trade

5. Discuss the effects of the First World War on any two Latin American countries. Panama - Panama followed suit with the U.S. and joined the war soon after America declared war on Germany. Panama did the same on April 7th, 1917 - Panama’s role as containing the newly-established Panama Canal allowed it to be a forefront for Allied Powers to have access to and transport resources. - Panamanian military also ensured that the trading lines of America were protected throughout the war - After the war, the U.S. was continuously breathing down the necks of Panamanians, and Panama feared military intervention if they rejected America’s military prowess - Panama’s military was virtually disbanded because it had been established that the United States would protect Panama should conflicts arise - Rise in the annual rent fee that the U.S. paid Panama for the Canal rose to $430,000 from $250,000 due to inflation and the devaluation of the dollar - Panama gained the ability to control immigration into the nation - The Canal Zone was the only part of Panama that was supervised by the jurisdiction of the United States Peru - Peru was not directly involved in the war effort; they suffered socioeconomically more than anything else - After international trade declined as a result of the war, Peru became economically weak as a result of having products and goods that could not be exported - Led to job loss, recession, and widespread unemployment - Severed diplomatic ties with Germany, but did not declare war ● Peru was clearly siding closer to the Allies, and aided them with resources ● Exported sugar, petroleum, copper, and cotton to both sides before U.S. involvement ● When the U.S. joined the war, Peru severed ties with Germany and only gave resources to the U.S. and other Allied Powers, no involvement in actual war effort - WW1 resulted in Peru having many internal problems - People wanted to revitalize and preserve Peruvian Incan Culture - University reform - led to student protests - Inflation, more workers looking for jobs = less money/payout for each individual worker ● Resulted in strikes on sugar plantations, driven by anarchistic movements that were becoming popular before WW1 - The U.S. became Peru’s primary investor in the 1920s. After the great Depression ensued, U.S. investments declined, and the Bank of Peru shut down in 1929 6. Analyze the change in the US foreign policy in the years 1880 and 1929. - Sphere of influence: Western hemisphere - Manifest destiny: Idea that united states is destined by god to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire north american continent