The Early 19th C and Cult of Domesticity

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The Early 19 th C:The Cult of Domesticity and True Womanhood v. Real Women
Stereotype of “Hysterical” Woman – Begins in the 19 th Century
Background… • As we’ve seen in the last lecture and other course materials, women are essentially ‘left out’ of politics after the American Revolution • ‘Republican Motherhood’ while positively emphasizing the necessity of education for women, also restricted women to an ‘inside’ role…the ‘sphere’ of women: the home
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The Cult of Domesticity/True Womanhood So, by 1790, the new nation of the United States of America had changed its opinion about women and their role in society. Unlike the capable, outgoing women like Abigail Adams and Deborah Sampson, the new view of women kept them in the home. Starting with the concept of ‘Republican Motherhood’, this image evolved into a standard for women that would persist into the 20 th century. It was truly, in many ways, a quasi-religious system of beliefs about the role of women in life…that’s why historians call this a “cult”…
The Essentials for a ‘True’ Woman • Piety • Purity • Submissiveness • Domesticity
Images of ‘true’ women and domesticity
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The Early 19 th Century Woman • Unable to vote • Legal status of a minor • Single = could own property • Married = no control over property or children (would change beginning in 1848) • Could not initiate divorce • Could not make a will, sign a contract, or bring a legal suit in court without husband’s permission
Author Nancy Cott’s View
Piety • In this era, women were thought to be naturally religious; therefore, they were responsible for the moral and religious training of the children • Religious seminaries for women became popular, promising to train women for their ultimate task of reforming the family and the world • Women, in the name of religion, would be a major factor in the 2 nd Great Awakening of the 1830s, and help “revivalize” numerous cities in the North • Based in religion, women would go on to lead Temperance, Abolitionist, and other reform societies
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Purity • It was now presumed women were sexually pure upon marriage (something desired but not required before) • Without sexual purity, a woman was ‘fallen’ and her damaged reputation would never recover, preventing her from her ultimate role of wife and mother…she was unfit to be the moral influence • Courting a potential mate had to be done with the utmost caution, as everything needed to be proper; if not, the only thing courted would be disaster • Literature of the time reinforced the ‘good’ woman and the ‘fallen’ woman in very explicit ways
Submissiveness • The ultimate goal for all women in their lives • Analogies in popular literature likened the perfect woman to a “clinging vine” who could not stand alone • Women were to be passive and demure, especially in social situations • Clothing, especially corsets, reinforced the submissive woman: they restricted movement and could not be done by oneself • Women needed protection because of physical inferiority, men were the protectors and needed obedience to do their assigned role
Domesticity • The culmination of all of the other required traits: the perfect wife and mother • Women were to run the home not only morally, but efficiently, and needed to be ‘managers’ to ensure the husband’s home was a clean castle • Woman’s place was in the home • While education for women was more accepted, it was education for being a wife and mother, not necessarily for personal gain or enrichment
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stuffnobodycaresabout.com www.vahistorical.org Etiquette Books
Etiquette Basics (selection) • Raising the Dress – When tripping over the pavement, a lady should gracefully raise her dress a little above her ankle. With the right hand, she should hold together the folds of her gown, and draw them towards the right side. To raise the dress on. both sides, and with both hands, is vulgar. This ungraceful practice can only be tolerated for a moment, when the mud is very deep. • Speaking to Your Husband – A lady should not say "my husband," except among intimates; in every other case she should address him by his name, calling him "Mr." It is equally proper, except on occasions of ceremony, and while she is quite young, to designate him by his christian name. – Never use the initial of a person's name to designate him; as "Mr. P.," "Mr. L.," etc. Nothing is so odious as to hear a lady speak of her husband, or, indeed, any one else, as "Mr. B." • How a lady should be spoken of by her husband – It is equally improper for a gentleman to say "my wife," except among very intimate friends; he should mention her as "Mrs. So- and-so." When in private, the expression "my dear," or merely the christian name, is considered in accordance with the best usage among the more refined. • "Good Manners for Young Ladies, 1859," EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2010).
“Fan Flirtations”
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C of D: Effects on Women and Men This movement had a profound effect on gender relations during the 19 th century, and led to a separation of women and men into different ‘spheres’ of influence: Women, the home; Men, the outside world of business and politics. In this land of opportunity, women found themselves limited to traditional tasks with no outlet for those who were creative or ambitious. Men were affected too: now, they were to desire passive, compliant women with no voice, quite different from the partners of the 18 th century. All of the economic, social, and political responsibility rested on men – as well as all sexuality issues. Although men had the outside world and personal freedom, by diminishing the role of women, some men created a stagnant home life for themselves.
The larger historical context • Of course, the ‘Cult’ didn’t operate in a vacuum…wider events both influenced its development as well as challenged its principals • Economically, the industrialization of the Northeastern US and the need to support family forced some women out of the home • Immigration, primarily from W. Europe, also brought other women into the workplace
Context of the Cult of Domesticity Industrialization Etiquette Immigration Reform/Second Great Awakening/Romanticism/Suffrage Cult of Domesticity
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Women’s work, women’s lives • From the first settlement of North America, we know that women have had very prescribed lives: – Daughter – Wife – Mother – Widow In the 18 th C, Colonial She-Merchants had some flexibility, but ultimately, ‘a woman’s place was in the home’…
The 18 th C – early 19 th c • We also already know that by the end of the American Revolution, women were expected to fulfill the role of ‘Republican Motherhood’: – Help raise the new citizens of the US – Stay in the home • This role solidified under the Cult of Domesticity, and women were under the for ‘rules’ of this movement: – Piety, Purity, Submissiveness and Domesticity
Full page engraved illustration for an article from Godey’s Lady’s Book, Vol. 40 (March 1850). Clifton Waller Barrett Collection, University of Virginia The “Sphere of Woman”
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Industrialization, c. 1790; 1820s • Definition: “The substitution of machines for human skill, and inanimate power for human/animal force.” • Artisans, cottage industry, and the putting out system • Samuel Slater – Englishman who brought the ‘manufactory’ ideas to the US in 1790 • Factory System: regulated hours, discipline, division of labor (specialization), mass production; by 1820, industrialization was taking off in the NE US
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Changes wrought by industrialization • Rural to Urban • Farmer to Factory Worker • Tradition to Innovation In addition, impact of immigration and migration to the North, which changed the region politically, economically, and socially.
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Ideals v. Reality • Social Pressures v. Economic Reality – Despite ideals to the contrary, many women worked ‘outside’ the home • “Women’s work” v. “Real Work” – Limitation on the kinds of work women allowed to do – Women’s work devalued; women’s complaints unheard
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Map of Lowell, Massachusetts
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Women in Factories
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“In vain do I try to soar in fancy and imagination above the dull reality around me but beyond the roof of the factory I cannot rise.” (anonymous, 1826) A quote from a female factory worker…
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Women and Unionism Lowell Female Labor Reform Association ◦ First attempt of women to agitate for better working conditions (1844) ◦ Protested a 15% cut in wages ◦ Wanted 10-hour workday ◦ Proclaimed: “Union is power” ◦ First president Sarah Bagley led petition to force Massachusetts legislature to investigate conditions in the mills ◦ Bagley argued: female workers “lacked sufficient time to improve their minds,” something she considered “essential for laborers in a republic”
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Problems of industrialization • By 1830, many Americansnoticed that factories brought problems; besides more people who were sometimes very ‘different’, three other problems became apparent: – Drunkenness – Sabbath-breaking – Ungodly politicians and businessmen These problems brought women out of the home, and also helped spread the religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening, with evangelists such as Charles Finney…
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Historical Events… • The Second Great Awakening (1830s): Provided women with an outlet for volunteer work in revivals and getting poor women (and men) back into church. Charles Finney, one of the leaders of this movement, purposely targeted women for his emotional sermons and call for a return to God. • Reform Movements: Like the revivals, Temperance, Prostitute Reform, Prison Reform (“Penitentiaries”), Abolition (Anti-Slavery), and other reform movements got women out of the home legitimately – as long as they volunteered. Men thought it a reflection on their providing skills that they could send their wives off to Abolition Conventions. Women become a great social force in the North because of these causes, many of which will lead to the Suffrage movement by mid-19 th C.
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• Along with Lyman Beecher, part of the Second Great Awakening • “Moral Free Agency”: in an ever-changing, sometimes confusing world, choose your path…heaven or… • Brought his message first to Middle Class Women, who had the time and energy to proselytize his message Enter Charles Finney: fixing the problems of society
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Revival Meeting: note the many women
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Out of the home… By the 1820s, women were increasingly pushing the boundaries society forced on them; in championing moral reform, such as Abolition and Temperance, women became politically active, even if they had no political rights. Most of the women in the moral reform movements were of the middle class, and they did not have ‘outside’ work…they were able to volunteer their time.
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Other… • Margaret Fuller – Transcendentalism, Brook Farm: Utopianism • Louisa May Alcott, A Long, Fatal Love Chase (1866) • Godey’s Ladies Book • Women’s Suffrage: the Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
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Things to remember! As you read the text, look at where the Seneca Falls Convention lands historically. How do you fit what we’ve just done into the emergence of the Suffragists? What would a “True” Woman have thought of Stanton and Anthony?
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