Chapter MS, Problem 12PQ

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The concept for formation of four equivalent, single, covalent bonds by carbon in ${\text{CH}}_{\text{4}}$ has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The process of intermixing of atomic orbitals of the same atom to form an equal number of hybrid orbitals is called hybridization. Such hybrid orbitals have same energy and the same shape. It is determined by evaluation of the number of hybrid orbitals $\left(\text{X}\right)$ of an atom.

The formula to calculate $\text{X}$ is as follows:

  $\text{X=}\frac{1}{2}\left[\text{VE}+\text{MA}-c+a\right]$        (1)

Here,

  $\text{VE}$ is total number of valence electrons of central atom.

  $\text{MA}$ is number of monovalent atoms/groups that surround central atom.

  $c$ is charge on cation if the given species is polyatomic cation.

  $a$ is charge on anion if the given species is polyatomic anion.

The type of hybridization that corresponds to different number of hybrid orbitals is depicted in the following table:

$\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{l}\text{Number of}\\ \text{hybrid orbitals}\end{array}& \text{Hybridization}\\ 2& sp\\ 3& s{p}^2\\ 4& s{p}^3\\ 5& s{p}^{3}d\\ 6& s{p}^3{d}^2\end{array}$