Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The major elimination product obtained when the given alcohol is heated in the presence of sulphuric acid has to be has to be drawn.
Concept introduction:
Dehydration reaction:
Removal of water molecule from the reaction of alcohol with strong acid like sulfuric acid is known as dehydration reaction.
E1 dehydration reaction of secondary and tertiary alcohols:
The alcohols react with acids like hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic which yield the corresponding stable carbocation intermediate. The elimination of hydrogen from the beta carbon results in the
Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
The increasing stability order of carbocation is as follows,
Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation
(b)
Interpretation:
The major elimination product obtained when the given alcohol is heated in the presence of sulphuric acid has to be has to be drawn.
Concept introduction:
Dehydration reaction:
Removal of water molecule from the reaction of alcohol with strong acid like sulfuric acid is known as dehydration reaction.
E1 dehydration reaction of secondary and tertiary alcohols:
The alcohols react with acids like hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic which yield the corresponding stable carbocation intermediate. The elimination of hydrogen from the beta carbon results in the alkene product. Thus the removal of water molecule occurs in the dehydration process and the major product of the acid-catalysed dehydration reaction will be the more substituted product.
Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
The increasing stability order of carbocation is as follows,
Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation
(c)
Interpretation:
The major elimination product obtained when the given alcohol is heated in the presence of sulphuric acid has to be has to be drawn.
Concept introduction:
Dehydration reaction:
Removal of water molecule from the reaction of alcohol with strong acid like sulfuric acid is known as dehydration reaction.
E2 dehydration of primary alcohols:
Due to the unstability of the primary carbocation, the dehydration of primary alcohol is an E2 reaction.
In the E2 reaction, protonation of the most basic atom occurs and then base will remove a proton from the beta carbon.
(d)
Interpretation:
The major elimination product obtained when the given alcohol is heated in the presence of sulphuric acid has to be has to be drawn.
Concept introduction:
Dehydration reaction:
Removal of water molecule from the reaction of alcohol with strong acid like sulfuric acid is known as dehydration reaction.
E1 dehydration reaction of secondary and tertiary alcohols:
The alcohols react with acids like hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic which yield the corresponding stable carbocation intermediate. The elimination of hydrogen from the beta carbon results in the alkene product. Thus the removal of water molecule occurs in the dehydration process and the major product of the acid-catalysed dehydration reaction will be the more substituted product.
Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
The increasing stability order of carbocation is as follows,
Primary carbocation < secondary carbocation < tertiary carbocation
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Chapter 9 Solutions
Essential Organic Chemistry, Global Edition
- Show work. Don't give Ai generated solutionarrow_forwardIn the video, we looked at the absorbance of a certain substance and how it varies depending on what wavelength of light we are looking at. Below is a similar scan of a different substance. What color BEST describes how this substance will appear? Absorbance (AU) Violet Blue Green Orange 1.2 1.0- 0.8- 0.6- 0.4- 0.2 0.0 450 500 550 600 650 700 Wavelength (nm) violet indigo blue green yellow orange red Red O Cannot tell from this information In the above graph, what causes -450 nm wavelength of light to have a higher absorbance than light with a -550 nm wavelength? Check all that are true. The distance the light travels is different The different data points are for different substances The concentration is different at different times in the experiment Epsilon (molar absortivity) is different at different wavelengthsarrow_forward5. a. Data were collected for Trial 1 to determine the molar mass of a nonvolatile solid solute when dissolved in cyclo- hexane. Complete the table for the analysis (See Report Sheet). Record calculated values with the correct number of significant figures. B. Freezing Point of Cyclohexane plus Calculation Zone Unknown Solute 2. Mass of cyclohexane (g) 10.14 Part C.4 3. Mass of added solute (g) 0.255 C. Calculations 1. k; for cyclohexane (°C⚫ kg/mol) 20.0 2. Freezing point change, AT, (°C) 3.04 Part C.6 3. Mass of cyclohexane in solution (kg) 4. Moles of solute, total (mol) Show calculation. 5. Mass of solute in solution, total (g) 6. Molar mass of solute (g/mol) Show calculation.arrow_forward
- Draw and name the R groups of all 20 amino acids.arrow_forward3. Two solutions are prepared using the same solute: Solution A: 0.14 g of the solute dissolves in 15.4 g of t-butanol Solution B: 0.17 g of the solute dissolves in 12.7 g of cyclohexane Which solution has the greatest freezing point change? Show calculations and explain.arrow_forward2. Give the ground state electron configuration (e.g., 02s² σ*2s² П 2p²) for these molecules and deduce its bond order. Ground State Configuration Bond Order H2+ 02- N2arrow_forward
- 1. This experiment is more about understanding the colligative properties of a solution rather than the determination of the molar mass of a solid. a. Define colligative properties. b. Which of the following solutes has the greatest effect on the colligative properties for a given mass of pure water? Explain. (i) 0.01 mol of CaCl2 (ii) 0.01 mol of KNO3 (iii) 0.01 mol of CO(NH2)2 (an electrolyte) (an electrolyte) (a nonelectrolyte)arrow_forward5. b. For Trials 2 and 3, the molar mass of the solute was 151 g/mol and 143 g/mol respectively. a. What is the average molar mass of the solute ? b. What are the standard deviation and the relative standard deviation (%RSD) for the molar mass of the solute ?arrow_forwardShow work. Don't give Ai generated solutionarrow_forward
- 2. Explain why ice cubes formed from water of a glacier freeze at a higher temperature than ice cubes formed from water of an under- ground aquifer. Photodynamic/iStockphotoarrow_forwardShow reaction mechanism. don't give Ai generated solutionarrow_forward7. Draw the Lewis structures and molecular orbital diagrams for CO and NO. What are their bond orders? Are the molecular orbital diagrams similar to their Lewis structures? Explain. CO Lewis Structure NO Lewis Structure CO Bond Order NO Bond Order NO Molecular Orbital Diagram CO Molecular Orbital Diagramarrow_forward
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