The Lewis structure of the following skeleton structure has to be determined. Concept Introduction: A covalent bond is a bond that results from the mutual sharing of electrons between atoms. Lewis structures are representations of the covalent bond. In this, Lewis symbols show how the valence electrons are present in the molecule. Steps to write Lewis structures are as follows: 1. The skeleton structure with single bonds between all bonded atoms has to be written 2. Sum the valence electrons of the atoms in the molecule. (a) For cations, one electron is subtracted for each positive charge. (b) For anions, one electron is added for each negative charge. 3. Subtract two electrons from total number of valence electrons for each bond in the skeleton structure. 4. Count the number of electrons required to satisfy the octet rule for each atom in the structure. If the number of electrons needed is less than the number remaining, add one bond for every two electrons needed between atoms to attain an octet. 5. The remaining electrons are placed as lone pairs on atoms that need them to satisfy the octet rule.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 9.44QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the following skeleton structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

A covalent bond is a bond that results from the mutual sharing of electrons between atoms. Lewis structures are representations of the covalent bond. In this, Lewis symbols show how the valence electrons are present in the molecule.

Steps to write Lewis structures are as follows:

1. The skeleton structure with single bonds between all bonded atoms has to be written

2. Sum the valence electrons of the atoms in the molecule.

(a) For cations, one electron is subtracted for each positive charge.

(b) For anions, one electron is added for each negative charge.

3. Subtract two electrons from total number of valence electrons for each bond in the skeleton structure.

4. Count the number of electrons required to satisfy the octet rule for each atom in the structure. If the number of electrons needed is less than the number remaining, add one bond for every two electrons needed between atoms to attain an octet.

5. The remaining electrons are placed as lone pairs on atoms that need them to satisfy the octet rule.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

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Identify the missing starting materials/ reagents/ products in the following reactions. Show the stereochemistry clearly in the structures, if any. If there is a major product, draw the structures of the major product with stereochemistry clearly indicated where applicable. Show only the diastereomers (you do not have to draw the pairs of enantiomers). If you believe that multiple products are formed in approximately equal amounts (hence neither is the major product), draw the structures of the products, and show the detailed mechanism of these reactions to justify the formation of the multiple products. If you believe no product is formed, explain why briefly. (6 mark for each, except f and g, which are 10 mark each)

3. What starting material would you use to synthesize 3-hydroxypentanoic acid using a NaBH4 reduction?

1. Give stereochemical (Fischer projection) formulas for all (but no extras) the stereoisomers that could theoretically form during the reduction of a. the carbonyl group of 2-methyl-3--pentanone b. both carbonyl groups of 2,4-pentanedione (careful!) 2. Predict the products of the reduction of O=CCH2CH2CH2C=O with a. LiAlH4 b. NaBH4 CH3 OH

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 9.44QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the following skeleton structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

A covalent bond is a bond that results from the mutual sharing of electrons between atoms. Lewis structures are representations of the covalent bond. In this, Lewis symbols show how the valence electrons are present in the molecule.

Steps to write Lewis structures are as follows:

1. The skeleton structure with single bonds between all bonded atoms has to be written

2. Sum the valence electrons of the atoms in the molecule.

(a) For cations, one electron is subtracted for each positive charge.

(b) For anions, one electron is added for each negative charge.

3. Subtract two electrons from total number of valence electrons for each bond in the skeleton structure.

4. Count the number of electrons required to satisfy the octet rule for each atom in the structure. If the number of electrons needed is less than the number remaining, add one bond for every two electrons needed between atoms to attain an octet.

5. The remaining electrons are placed as lone pairs on atoms that need them to satisfy the octet rule.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 9.44QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the following skeleton structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

A covalent bond is a bond that results from the mutual sharing of electrons between atoms. Lewis structures are representations of the covalent bond. In this, Lewis symbols show how the valence electrons are present in the molecule.

Steps to write Lewis structures are as follows:

1. The skeleton structure with single bonds between all bonded atoms has to be written

2. Sum the valence electrons of the atoms in the molecule.

(a) For cations, one electron is subtracted for each positive charge.

(b) For anions, one electron is added for each negative charge.

3. Subtract two electrons from total number of valence electrons for each bond in the skeleton structure.

4. Count the number of electrons required to satisfy the octet rule for each atom in the structure. If the number of electrons needed is less than the number remaining, add one bond for every two electrons needed between atoms to attain an octet.

5. The remaining electrons are placed as lone pairs on atoms that need them to satisfy the octet rule.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 9.44QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the following skeleton structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

A covalent bond is a bond that results from the mutual sharing of electrons between atoms. Lewis structures are representations of the covalent bond. In this, Lewis symbols show how the valence electrons are present in the molecule.

Steps to write Lewis structures are as follows:

1. The skeleton structure with single bonds between all bonded atoms has to be written

2. Sum the valence electrons of the atoms in the molecule.

(a) For cations, one electron is subtracted for each positive charge.

(b) For anions, one electron is added for each negative charge.

3. Subtract two electrons from total number of valence electrons for each bond in the skeleton structure.

4. Count the number of electrons required to satisfy the octet rule for each atom in the structure. If the number of electrons needed is less than the number remaining, add one bond for every two electrons needed between atoms to attain an octet.

5. The remaining electrons are placed as lone pairs on atoms that need them to satisfy the octet rule.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

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Answer 5

Chapter 9, Problem 9.44QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the following skeleton structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

A covalent bond is a bond that results from the mutual sharing of electrons between atoms. Lewis structures are representations of the covalent bond. In this, Lewis symbols show how the valence electrons are present in the molecule.

Steps to write Lewis structures are as follows:

1. The skeleton structure with single bonds between all bonded atoms has to be written

2. Sum the valence electrons of the atoms in the molecule.

(a) For cations, one electron is subtracted for each positive charge.

(b) For anions, one electron is added for each negative charge.

3. Subtract two electrons from total number of valence electrons for each bond in the skeleton structure.

4. Count the number of electrons required to satisfy the octet rule for each atom in the structure. If the number of electrons needed is less than the number remaining, add one bond for every two electrons needed between atoms to attain an octet.

5. The remaining electrons are placed as lone pairs on atoms that need them to satisfy the octet rule.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 6

Chapter 9, Problem 9.44QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the following skeleton structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

A covalent bond is a bond that results from the mutual sharing of electrons between atoms. Lewis structures are representations of the covalent bond. In this, Lewis symbols show how the valence electrons are present in the molecule.

Steps to write Lewis structures are as follows:

1. The skeleton structure with single bonds between all bonded atoms has to be written

2. Sum the valence electrons of the atoms in the molecule.

(a) For cations, one electron is subtracted for each positive charge.

(b) For anions, one electron is added for each negative charge.

3. Subtract two electrons from total number of valence electrons for each bond in the skeleton structure.

4. Count the number of electrons required to satisfy the octet rule for each atom in the structure. If the number of electrons needed is less than the number remaining, add one bond for every two electrons needed between atoms to attain an octet.

5. The remaining electrons are placed as lone pairs on atoms that need them to satisfy the octet rule.

Answer 7

Chapter 9, Problem 9.44QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the following skeleton structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

A covalent bond is a bond that results from the mutual sharing of electrons between atoms. Lewis structures are representations of the covalent bond. In this, Lewis symbols show how the valence electrons are present in the molecule.

Steps to write Lewis structures are as follows:

1. The skeleton structure with single bonds between all bonded atoms has to be written

2. Sum the valence electrons of the atoms in the molecule.

(a) For cations, one electron is subtracted for each positive charge.

(b) For anions, one electron is added for each negative charge.

3. Subtract two electrons from total number of valence electrons for each bond in the skeleton structure.

4. Count the number of electrons required to satisfy the octet rule for each atom in the structure. If the number of electrons needed is less than the number remaining, add one bond for every two electrons needed between atoms to attain an octet.

5. The remaining electrons are placed as lone pairs on atoms that need them to satisfy the octet rule.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.1QE Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.2QE Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.3QE Ch. 9 - What main factors control the magnitude of lattice...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.5QE Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.6QE Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.7QE Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.8QE Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.9QE Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.10QE

Solution Summary: The author explains how the Lewis structure of the following skeleton structure has to be determined.

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Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

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Chapter 9 Solutions

Solution Summary: The author explains how the Lewis structure of the following skeleton structure has to be determined.

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Interpretation: The Lewis structure of the following structure has to be determined. Concept Introduction: Refer to part (a)

Interpretation: The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined. Concept Introduction: Refer to part (a).

Interpretation: The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined. Concept Introduction: Refer to part (a)

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Chapter 9 Solutions

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure made from the following structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)