Seeley's Anatomy & Physiology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781259254963
Author: Jennifer Regan (author), Andrew Russo (author), Rod Seeley (author) Cinnamon Vanputte (author)
Publisher: McGraw Hill Higher Education
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Question
Chapter 9, Problem 1CT
Summary Introduction
To analyze:
The ways that botulism toxin affects the neuromuscular junction and generates the symptoms.
Introduction:
Neuromuscular junction refers to the region where the motor neuron axon branches come in contact with the muscle fiber. Botulism interrupts the neural signal transmission by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine, which acts as the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Place the events at the neuromuscular junction in the order in which they occur:
1. release of acetylcholine (ACh)
2. activation of ACH receptors on the motor endplate
3. termination of the ACh activity by acetylcholinesterase
4. arrival of an action potential at the synaptic end bulb
5. diffusion of ACh across the synaptic cleft
6. opening of NA* channels in the motor endplate
7. production of a muscle fiber action potential
O 4,1,2,5,6,7,3
4,1,5,6,2,7,3
4,1,5,2,7,6,3
4,1,5,2,6,7,3
A patient was brought in by ambulance with 2 arrow wounds. The first arrow is still in the patient on the left side, entering anteriorly between the 7thand 8th ribs at a 15-degree angle, the arrowhead protruding posteriorly. The second arrow is located in the posterior cervical triangle.
Identify the possible neuromuscular effects of the 2nd arrow and explain your reasoning.
Describe the components of a neuromuscular junction including key structures. Please answer each question separately
The filaments of skeletal muscle are moved by free energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP. During sustained muscle contraction ATP levels remain fairly constant, while levels of creatine phosphate fall. Explain why this is so. Under what circumstances is an oxygen debt incurred during muscle contraction?
Chapter 9 Solutions
Seeley's Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 9.1 - List and describe the functions performed by...Ch. 9.1 - State the functions of smooth and cardiac muscle...Ch. 9.1 - Using table 9.1, distinguish among skeletal,...Ch. 9.2 - Identify the four specialized functional...Ch. 9.2 - Outline the differences in control and function...Ch. 9.3 - Name the connective tissue layers that surround...Ch. 9.3 - What are motor neurons? How do the axons of motor...Ch. 9.3 - What is the origin of muscle fibers? How do you...Ch. 9.3 - What are T tubules and the sarcoplasmic reticulum?Ch. 9.3 - Prob. 10AYP
Ch. 9.3 - Prob. 11AYPCh. 9.3 - Prob. 12AYPCh. 9.3 - Prob. 13AYPCh. 9.3 - Prob. 14AYPCh. 9.3 - Prob. 15AYPCh. 9.3 - Prob. 16AYPCh. 9.3 - Prob. 17AYPCh. 9.4 - What type of ion channel contributes to the...Ch. 9.4 - What are the two types of gated ion channels in...Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 20AYPCh. 9.4 - Prob. 21AYPCh. 9.4 - List the two types of voltage-gated channels the...Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 23AYPCh. 9.4 - Prob. 24AYPCh. 9.4 - Prob. 25AYPCh. 9.4 - Prob. 26AYPCh. 9.4 - Describe the structure of a neuromuscular...Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 28AYPCh. 9.4 - Prob. 29AYPCh. 9.4 - Prob. 30AYPCh. 9.4 - Prob. 31AYPCh. 9.4 - What ion is necessary for movement of the...Ch. 9.4 - Describe the steps in cross-bridge cycling. How is...Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 34AYPCh. 9.5 - List the phases of a muscle twitch, and describe...Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 36AYPCh. 9.5 - Prob. 37AYPCh. 9.5 - Prob. 38AYPCh. 9.5 - Prob. 39AYPCh. 9.5 - How does the lack of on unresponsive period in...Ch. 9.5 - Distinguish between active tension and passive...Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 42AYPCh. 9.5 - Prob. 43AYPCh. 9.5 - What is muscle tone, and how is it maintained?Ch. 9.6 - Contrast the structural and physiological...Ch. 9.6 - Prob. 46AYPCh. 9.6 - Prob. 47AYPCh. 9.6 - What factors contribute to increases in muscle...Ch. 9.6 - Prob. 49AYPCh. 9.6 - Prob. 50AYPCh. 9.7 - What is fatigue? List the three locations where...Ch. 9.7 - Prob. 52AYPCh. 9.7 - Prob. 53AYPCh. 9.7 - List the energy sources used to synthesize ATP for...Ch. 9.7 - Prob. 55AYPCh. 9.7 - Prob. 56AYPCh. 9.7 - Prob. 57AYPCh. 9.7 - Prob. 58AYPCh. 9.8 - Describe a typical smooth muscle cell. How do its...Ch. 9.8 - Prob. 60AYPCh. 9.8 - Prob. 61AYPCh. 9.8 - Compare visceral smooth muscle and multiunit...Ch. 9.8 - Prob. 63AYPCh. 9.8 - Prob. 64AYPCh. 9.8 - How are spontoneous contractions produced in...Ch. 9.8 - Prob. 66AYPCh. 9.8 - Prob. 67AYPCh. 9.8 - Prob. 68AYPCh. 9.9 - Prob. 69AYPCh. 9.9 - Prob. 70AYPCh. 9.10 - Prob. 71AYPCh. 9 - Which of these is true of skeletal muscle? a....Ch. 9 - Prob. 2RACCh. 9 - Prob. 3RACCh. 9 - Each myofibril Is made up of many muscle fibers....Ch. 9 - Prob. 5RACCh. 9 - Which of these statements about the molecular...Ch. 9 - Prob. 7RACCh. 9 - Prob. 8RACCh. 9 - Prob. 9RACCh. 9 - Prob. 10RACCh. 9 - Prob. 11RACCh. 9 - Prob. 12RACCh. 9 - Prob. 13RACCh. 9 - With stimuli of increasing strength, which of...Ch. 9 - Considering the force of contraction of a skeletal...Ch. 9 - Which of these events occurs during the lag...Ch. 9 - Prob. 17RACCh. 9 - Prob. 18RACCh. 9 - Given the conditions: (1) low ATP levels (2)...Ch. 9 - Prob. 20RACCh. 9 - Prob. 21RACCh. 9 - Prob. 22RACCh. 9 - Prob. 23RACCh. 9 - Prob. 24RACCh. 9 - Which of these statements concerning aging and...Ch. 9 - Prob. 1CTCh. 9 - A patient is thought to be suffering from either...Ch. 9 - Design an experiment to test the following...Ch. 9 - Explain what is happening at the level of...Ch. 9 - Predict the shape of an active tension curve for...Ch. 9 - Prob. 6CTCh. 9 - Prob. 7CTCh. 9 - Prob. 8CTCh. 9 - Prob. 9CTCh. 9 - Prob. 10CTCh. 9 - Prob. 11CTCh. 9 - Prob. 12CT
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Please answer both questions. At some point, increasing stimulus strength will not result in a larger contraction strength. a) true b) false Like nerves, muscles must fully return to their initial position before they can be stimulated again. a) true b) falsearrow_forwardCardiac and skeletal muscle are both “striated” types of muscle and yet they have very distinct functional characteristics. a) Skeletal muscle functions as discrete motor units and the cardiac muscle works as a functional syncytium. Define the italicized terms in the previous sentence, explain their importance, and describe the cellular features that underlie these functional differences. b) Cardiac muscle exhibits automaticity, while excitation of skeletal muscle is neurogenic. Define the italicized terms and provide a brief explanation of mechanisms underlying each.arrow_forwardResearchers are working to understand a rare disease that affects the ability of the muscles to contract. They have identified that the disease is caused by abnormal gene expression leading to a relatively large intracellular space between the T-tubules and the terminal cisternae in the triad, which causes an interruption in the connection between the dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor and the ryanodine calcium channel. Based on this description of the morphology underlying the disease, which of the following problems would you expect in excitation-contraction coupling? An action potential would not be able to be transmitted down the T-tubule. Re-uptake of calcium would be blocked, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium. O The actin binding sites may continue to be blocked by tropomyosin even following an action potential along the sarcolemma. O All of the above. Only B and C.arrow_forward
- 1) Paula is a scientist who is developing a drug called Fremtol that will be used to treat muscle spasms. This drug acts on specific skeletal muscles to (1) block the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, (2) inhibit the pivoting ability of the myosin heads of the thick filaments, and (3) block the production of ATP by the mitochondria in skeletal muscles. By using this drug, contraction of certain skeletal muscle fibers is reduced, which keeps those muscles from producing spasms. In the above scenario, Fremtol’s effect of blocking the pivoting ability of the myosin heads of the thick filaments would have which of the following consequences? a. decreased release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction b. inhibition of the power stroke c. reduced production of myoglobin d. All of the above e. None of the above 2) Paula is a scientist who is developing a drug called Fremtol that will be used to treat muscle spasms. This drug acts on specific skeletal muscles to…arrow_forward2) Paula is a scientist who is developing a drug called Fremtol that will be used to treat muscle spasms. This drug acts on specific skeletal muscles to (1) block the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, (2) inhibit the pivoting ability of the myosin heads of the thick filaments, and (3) block the production of ATP by the mitochondria in skeletal muscles. By using this drug, contraction of certain skeletal muscle fibers is reduced, which keeps those muscles from producing spasms. In the above scenario, Fremtol’s effect of blocking the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum would most directly prevent which the following? a. activation of tropomyosin b. activation of troponin c. activation of actin d. All of the above e. None of the abovearrow_forwardSkeletal muscle fibres are very metabolically active and are adapted to create a lot of ATP from aerobic cellular respiration. Additionally, cells require other things to stay alive. Explain how the following three organ systems contribute to allowing a muscle cell to carry out its roles: a) Respiratory system b) Cardiovascular system c) Gastrointestinal system asap please.arrow_forward
- 2) List the names of the two major Contractile Proteins. Which of the proteins is "bound" and "anchored" to the cell membrane? The other protein essentially "floats" within the ctyoplasm; which contractile protein "floats". 3) Contractions in a muscle cell (or fiber) is always stimulated and intiated by a rapid rise in intrallcellular calcium. Write a brief paragraph or two explaining the differences in the sources of Contraction- causing-Calcium within the 3 different muscle-cell types.arrow_forward3) Paula is a scientist who is developing a drug called Fremtol that will be used to treat muscle spasms. This drug acts on specific skeletal muscles to (1) block the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, (2) inhibit the pivoting ability of the myosin heads of the thick filaments, and (3) block the production of ATP by the mitochondria in skeletal muscles. By using this drug, contraction of certain skeletal muscle fibers is reduced, which keeps those muscles from producing spasms. In the above scenario, Fremtol’s effect of blocking muscle mitochondrial ATP production would result in the inability of the muscle to make ATP from ___________. a. creatine phosphate b. anaerobic glycolysis c. aerobic respiration d. All of the above e. None of the abovearrow_forwardThe motor unit types (S, FR, and FF) that were initially identified in the cat medial gastrocnemius muscle were based on all of the following EXCEPT? a.) The mitochondrial density of the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron b.) Contraction time c.) The amount of force a motor unit would produce d.) How quickly a motor unit would fatigue during a fatigue testarrow_forward
- Describe the position where wrist and finger are in full extension. What sensation will be felt in this position? What explains this sensation that you felt when the wrist and fingers were positioned in extension? *NOTE: Apply any of the following concepts to the explanation as deemed appropriate and connected to the situation above: Mucle Contraction, Concentric Contraction, Isometric Contraction, Eccentric Contraction, Force Velocity Curve, Stretch Reflex, Reciprocal Inhibition, Autogenic Inhibition, Length-Tension Relationshiparrow_forwardA 54-year-old patient diagnosed with toxic fume exposure presents with symptoms affecting the neurologic system. On inspection of the upper extremities, you notice small, repetitive local contractions of the muscles visible through the skin. Which of the following best describes these types of abnormal muscle contractions? Answers: A-D A Clonus B Tensus muscularis C Asterixis D Fasciculation Oarrow_forwardWhy is it possible to get a sustained muscle contraction during tetanus?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Medical Terminology for Health Professions, Spira...Health & NutritionISBN:9781305634350Author:Ann Ehrlich, Carol L. Schroeder, Laura Ehrlich, Katrina A. SchroederPublisher:Cengage Learning
Medical Terminology for Health Professions, Spira...
Health & Nutrition
ISBN:9781305634350
Author:Ann Ehrlich, Carol L. Schroeder, Laura Ehrlich, Katrina A. Schroeder
Publisher:Cengage Learning