Chapter 8, Problem 57P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stereochemical formula for A, B, C, and D is to be proposed and the reactions involved in these transformation are to be outline.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron-deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles, which accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron-rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles, which donate electron pair.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

Reduction is a process in which hydrogen atoms are added to a compound.

The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds, but they are optically inactive.

Enantiomers are stereoisomers whose molecules contain nonsuperimposable mirror images.

A chiral molecule is one that has a nonsuperimposable mirror image and an achiral molecule is one that has a superimposable mirror image.

The compounds having the same molecular formula and connectivity, but different spatial arrangement are known as stereo-isomers.

A compound that rotates the plane-polarized light in clockwise direction is called dextrorotary.

A compound that rotates the plane-polarized light in anti-clockwise direction is called levorotary.