Interpretation:
The relative
Concept Introduction:
Electrophiles are electron deficient species which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles which accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles which donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule or ion that has unpaired electrons which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
Carbocation is a molecule having a carbon atom bearing three bonds and a positive formal charge.
Carbocation are generally unstable because they do not have eight electrons to satisfy the octet rule.
The order of stability of carbocation is such that the tertiary carbocation is the most stable whereas the primary carbocation is the least stable, and secondary carbocation lies between primary and tertiary carbocations.
If primary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to secondary or tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
If secondary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
The stability of carbocation:
The addition reaction is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted into saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
The primary carbon atom is the one in which the required atom of carbon is attached to only one other atom of carbon. It is denoted by
The secondary carbon atom is the one in which the required atom of carbon is attached to two other atoms of carbon. It is denoted by
The tertiary carbon atom is the one in which the required atom of carbon is attached to three other atoms of carbon. It is denoted by
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Organic Chemistry
- Reaction of this bicycloalkene with bromine in carbon tetrachloride gives a trans dibromide. In both (a) and (b), the bromine atoms are trans to each other. However, only one of these products is formed. Which trans dibromide is formed? How do you account for the fact that it is formed to the exclusion of the other trans dibromide?arrow_forwardaddition of hbr to a double bond with an ether (-or) substituent occurs regiospecifically to give a product in which the Br OR are bonded to the same carbon. Draw the two possible carbocation intermediates in this electrophilic addition reaction,and explain using resonance why the observed product is formed.arrow_forwardConsider the reaction scheme shown below. HCI [1] ОН (a) Provide a detailed mechanism for reaction [1].arrow_forward
- 11.; (a) Similar to alkanes, hydrogen gas can undergo radical bromination according to the reaction below. Propose a chain-reaction mechanism for this reaction, including an initiation step, propagation steps, and two plausible termination steps. The homolytic bond dissociation energy for Br-Br is 46 kcal·mole', for H-Br is 88 kcal'mole and for H-H is 104 kcal'mole'. hv H-H + Br-Br 2 H-Br (b) Calculate the overall AH for the above propagation steps (show all work).arrow_forward(b) Consider the reaction of 1-bromobutane with a large excess of ammonia (NH3). Draw the reactants, the transition state, andthe products. Note that the initial product is the salt of an amine (RNH3+ Br - ), which is deprotonated by the excess ammonia to give the amine.arrow_forwardb) Explain in detail what characteristics of the alkyl halide influence whether a mechanism will be SN1 or SN2. c) Explain in detail what characteristics of a nucleophile influence whether a reaction will be SN1 or SN2.arrow_forward
- Dichloromethane (CH,Cl,) can be treated with butyllithium, CH3CH,CH,CH,-Li (Bu-Li), to make a carbene in situ, analogous to the way a carbene is generated from trichloromethane (CHCI3) using HO¯. (a) Show the mechanism for the generation of a carbene from CH2CI2. (b) Why is butyllithium used instead of HO-? (c) The reaction shown here leads to a mixture of four products. Draw all four products. CH,Cl, ? Bu-Li Draw the mechanism for this reactionarrow_forwardWhen butane reacts with Br₂ in the presence of Cl₂, both brominated and chlorinated products are obtained. Under such conditions, the usual selectivity of bromination is not observed. In other words, the ratio of 2-bromobutane to 1-bromobutane is very similar to the ratio of 2-chlorobutane to 1-chlorobutane. Can you offer and explanation as to why we do not observe the normal selectivity expected for bromination? Chlorine radicals perform the first propagation step (hydrogen abstraction) comparison to bromine radicals. Under these conditions in radicals form easily in the presence of chlorine radicals. Subsequently, the resulting radicals can react with bromine in a second propagation step to yield monobrominated products.arrow_forwardJj.153.arrow_forward
- 1. b) Show the MECHANISM for the POLAR addition of molecular chlorine to cyclopentane. c) The reaction of toluene and ethylbenzene was through the alkyl groups, -CH 3 and -CH 2 CH 3, respectively. Why didn’t xylene, which has TWO methyl groups, react with bromine in the time allotted?arrow_forwardSelective synthesis and starting materials?arrow_forwardIllustrate the resonance effect of the methoxy group -OCH3, on the structure of the benzene ring. Draw all the oissuvke resonance forms of methoxybenzene, including the hybrid Based on the structures, explain how the presence of the -OCH3 group affects: (i) the reactivity of the benzene ring towards electrophilic attack (ii) the orientation or point of attack of an incoming electrophilic reagent on the benzene ring.arrow_forward
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