Uses Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples Hypothesis testing enables you to determine whether differences in samples indicate actual differences in populations or are merely due to sampling error. For instance, a study conducted on about 1400 American children in a variety of settings compared the behavior of the children who attended day care with the behavior of those who stayed home. Aggressive behavior such as stealing toys, pushing other children, and starting fights was measured in both groups. The study showed that children who attended day care for more than 30 hours per week were about three times more likely to be aggressive than those who stayed home. Although the aggressive behavior observed in the study was well within the normal range for healthy children, these statistics have been used to persuade parents to keep their children at home until they start school. Abuses Confounding Variables The U.S. study found that the results were the same regardless of quality of the day care center and income of the family. However, the overall quality of care experienced by most of the children studied could be the problem—a survey of American day care centers that measured aspects such as number and expertise of caregivers found that only 10 percent of American day care centers provided high-quality care. A similar study of preschoolers and aggressive behavior in Norway, where day care centers are subject to strict standards and the ratio of adult caregivers to children is high, found that the link between day care attendance and aggressive behavior was minimal. Another Norwegian study included an additional variable, differences between siblings, and found no relationship between day care attendance and behavior problems. These additional variables that are often out of the researcher’s control are known as confounding variables. Study Funding A series of studies was conducted on various methods for reducing the number of cigarettes that smokers smoke. The study compared smokers who were simply told to smoke less and those who tried methods such as nicotine replacement therapy, electronic cigarettes, and using reduced tar, carbon, or nicotine cigarettes. Some methods were shown to be effective in reducing the number of cigarettes smoked. Some of the studies were funded by the tobacco industry, which could profit from promoting strategies other than quitting as beneficial to smokers’ health. When dealing with statistics, it is always good to know who is paying for a study, and whether the researchers are unbiased. 1. Confounding Variables A pharmaceutical company has applied for approval to market a new arthritis medication. The research involved a test group that was given the medication and another test group that was given a placebo. Describe some possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study.

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 8, Problem 1UA

Uses

Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples Hypothesis testing enables you to determine whether differences in samples indicate actual differences in populations or are merely due to sampling error. For instance, a study conducted on about 1400 American children in a variety of settings compared the behavior of the children who attended day care with the behavior of those who stayed home. Aggressive behavior such as stealing toys, pushing other children, and starting fights was measured in both groups. The study showed that children who attended day care for more than 30 hours per week were about three times more likely to be aggressive than those who stayed home. Although the aggressive behavior observed in the study was well within the normal range for healthy children, these statistics have been used to persuade parents to keep their children at home until they start school.

Abuses

Confounding Variables The U.S. study found that the results were the same regardless of quality of the day care center and income of the family. However, the overall quality of care experienced by most of the children studied could be the problem—a survey of American day care centers that measured aspects such as number and expertise of caregivers found that only 10 percent of American day care centers provided high-quality care.

A similar study of preschoolers and aggressive behavior in Norway, where day care centers are subject to strict standards and the ratio of adult caregivers to children is high, found that the link between day care attendance and aggressive behavior was minimal. Another Norwegian study included an additional variable, differences between siblings, and found no relationship between day care attendance and behavior problems. These additional variables that are often out of the researcher’s control are known as confounding variables.

Study Funding A series of studies was conducted on various methods for reducing the number of cigarettes that smokers smoke. The study compared smokers who were simply told to smoke less and those who tried methods such as nicotine replacement therapy, electronic cigarettes, and using reduced tar, carbon, or nicotine cigarettes. Some methods were shown to be effective in reducing the number of cigarettes smoked.

Some of the studies were funded by the tobacco industry, which could profit from promoting strategies other than quitting as beneficial to smokers’ health. When dealing with statistics, it is always good to know who is paying for a study, and whether the researchers are unbiased.

1. Confounding Variables A pharmaceutical company has applied for approval to market a new arthritis medication. The research involved a test group that was given the medication and another test group that was given a placebo. Describe some possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study.

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

To describe: The possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study.

Answer to Problem 1UA

The possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study are age and medical report.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

The study based on the pharmaceutical company has applied for the approval to market a new arthritis medication.

Justification:

Confounding variable:

Confounding variable is a third variable that is associated with explanatory and response variables. In other words, confounding variable influences the response variable.

Here, the possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study are age and medical report.

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The following is a list of data on the duration of a sample of 200 outbreaks, in hours. 107 73 68 97 76 79 94 59 98 57 54 65 71 70 84 88 62 82 61 79 98 66 62 79 86 68 74 61 62 116 65 88 64 79 78 74 92 75 5289 85 28 73 80 68 78 89 72 78 88 77 103 88 63 68 90 62 89 71 71 74 222 R 82 79 70 ST☑ 65 98 77 86 58 69 88 81 74 70 65 81 75 81 78 90 78 96 75 KRRE F S 62 94 62 79 83 93 135 71 85 84 83 63 61 65 83 70 70 81 77 72 84 33 62 92 65 67 59 58 66 66 94 77 63 71 101 78 43 78 66 75 68 76 59 67 61 71 64 76 72 77 74 65 82 86 66 86 68 85 27% 96 72 77 60 67 87 83 68 72 74 91 76 83 งงง 8 སྐྱ ཐྭ ༄ ཏྱཾ 89 81 71 85 99 59 92 87 84 75 77 51 45 80 84 93 69 76 89 75 67 92 89 82 96 77 102 66 68 61 73 72 76 73 77 79 94 63 59 62 71 81 65 73 63 63 89 82 64 85 92 64 73 a. What is the variable? What type? b. Construct an interval-frequency table, with columns containing: class mark, absolute frequency, relative frequency, cumulative frequency, cumulative relative frequency, and percentage frequency.

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 8, Problem 1UA

Uses

Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples Hypothesis testing enables you to determine whether differences in samples indicate actual differences in populations or are merely due to sampling error. For instance, a study conducted on about 1400 American children in a variety of settings compared the behavior of the children who attended day care with the behavior of those who stayed home. Aggressive behavior such as stealing toys, pushing other children, and starting fights was measured in both groups. The study showed that children who attended day care for more than 30 hours per week were about three times more likely to be aggressive than those who stayed home. Although the aggressive behavior observed in the study was well within the normal range for healthy children, these statistics have been used to persuade parents to keep their children at home until they start school.

Abuses

Confounding Variables The U.S. study found that the results were the same regardless of quality of the day care center and income of the family. However, the overall quality of care experienced by most of the children studied could be the problem—a survey of American day care centers that measured aspects such as number and expertise of caregivers found that only 10 percent of American day care centers provided high-quality care.

A similar study of preschoolers and aggressive behavior in Norway, where day care centers are subject to strict standards and the ratio of adult caregivers to children is high, found that the link between day care attendance and aggressive behavior was minimal. Another Norwegian study included an additional variable, differences between siblings, and found no relationship between day care attendance and behavior problems. These additional variables that are often out of the researcher’s control are known as confounding variables.

Study Funding A series of studies was conducted on various methods for reducing the number of cigarettes that smokers smoke. The study compared smokers who were simply told to smoke less and those who tried methods such as nicotine replacement therapy, electronic cigarettes, and using reduced tar, carbon, or nicotine cigarettes. Some methods were shown to be effective in reducing the number of cigarettes smoked.

Some of the studies were funded by the tobacco industry, which could profit from promoting strategies other than quitting as beneficial to smokers’ health. When dealing with statistics, it is always good to know who is paying for a study, and whether the researchers are unbiased.

1. Confounding Variables A pharmaceutical company has applied for approval to market a new arthritis medication. The research involved a test group that was given the medication and another test group that was given a placebo. Describe some possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study.

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

To describe: The possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study.

Answer to Problem 1UA

The possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study are age and medical report.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

The study based on the pharmaceutical company has applied for the approval to market a new arthritis medication.

Justification:

Confounding variable:

Confounding variable is a third variable that is associated with explanatory and response variables. In other words, confounding variable influences the response variable.

Here, the possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study are age and medical report.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 8, Problem 1UA

Uses

Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples Hypothesis testing enables you to determine whether differences in samples indicate actual differences in populations or are merely due to sampling error. For instance, a study conducted on about 1400 American children in a variety of settings compared the behavior of the children who attended day care with the behavior of those who stayed home. Aggressive behavior such as stealing toys, pushing other children, and starting fights was measured in both groups. The study showed that children who attended day care for more than 30 hours per week were about three times more likely to be aggressive than those who stayed home. Although the aggressive behavior observed in the study was well within the normal range for healthy children, these statistics have been used to persuade parents to keep their children at home until they start school.

Abuses

Confounding Variables The U.S. study found that the results were the same regardless of quality of the day care center and income of the family. However, the overall quality of care experienced by most of the children studied could be the problem—a survey of American day care centers that measured aspects such as number and expertise of caregivers found that only 10 percent of American day care centers provided high-quality care.

A similar study of preschoolers and aggressive behavior in Norway, where day care centers are subject to strict standards and the ratio of adult caregivers to children is high, found that the link between day care attendance and aggressive behavior was minimal. Another Norwegian study included an additional variable, differences between siblings, and found no relationship between day care attendance and behavior problems. These additional variables that are often out of the researcher’s control are known as confounding variables.

Study Funding A series of studies was conducted on various methods for reducing the number of cigarettes that smokers smoke. The study compared smokers who were simply told to smoke less and those who tried methods such as nicotine replacement therapy, electronic cigarettes, and using reduced tar, carbon, or nicotine cigarettes. Some methods were shown to be effective in reducing the number of cigarettes smoked.

Some of the studies were funded by the tobacco industry, which could profit from promoting strategies other than quitting as beneficial to smokers’ health. When dealing with statistics, it is always good to know who is paying for a study, and whether the researchers are unbiased.

1. Confounding Variables A pharmaceutical company has applied for approval to market a new arthritis medication. The research involved a test group that was given the medication and another test group that was given a placebo. Describe some possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study.

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

To describe: The possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study.

Answer to Problem 1UA

The possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study are age and medical report.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

The study based on the pharmaceutical company has applied for the approval to market a new arthritis medication.

Justification:

Confounding variable:

Confounding variable is a third variable that is associated with explanatory and response variables. In other words, confounding variable influences the response variable.

Here, the possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study are age and medical report.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 8, Problem 1UA

Uses

Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples Hypothesis testing enables you to determine whether differences in samples indicate actual differences in populations or are merely due to sampling error. For instance, a study conducted on about 1400 American children in a variety of settings compared the behavior of the children who attended day care with the behavior of those who stayed home. Aggressive behavior such as stealing toys, pushing other children, and starting fights was measured in both groups. The study showed that children who attended day care for more than 30 hours per week were about three times more likely to be aggressive than those who stayed home. Although the aggressive behavior observed in the study was well within the normal range for healthy children, these statistics have been used to persuade parents to keep their children at home until they start school.

Abuses

Confounding Variables The U.S. study found that the results were the same regardless of quality of the day care center and income of the family. However, the overall quality of care experienced by most of the children studied could be the problem—a survey of American day care centers that measured aspects such as number and expertise of caregivers found that only 10 percent of American day care centers provided high-quality care.

A similar study of preschoolers and aggressive behavior in Norway, where day care centers are subject to strict standards and the ratio of adult caregivers to children is high, found that the link between day care attendance and aggressive behavior was minimal. Another Norwegian study included an additional variable, differences between siblings, and found no relationship between day care attendance and behavior problems. These additional variables that are often out of the researcher’s control are known as confounding variables.

Study Funding A series of studies was conducted on various methods for reducing the number of cigarettes that smokers smoke. The study compared smokers who were simply told to smoke less and those who tried methods such as nicotine replacement therapy, electronic cigarettes, and using reduced tar, carbon, or nicotine cigarettes. Some methods were shown to be effective in reducing the number of cigarettes smoked.

Some of the studies were funded by the tobacco industry, which could profit from promoting strategies other than quitting as beneficial to smokers’ health. When dealing with statistics, it is always good to know who is paying for a study, and whether the researchers are unbiased.

1. Confounding Variables A pharmaceutical company has applied for approval to market a new arthritis medication. The research involved a test group that was given the medication and another test group that was given a placebo. Describe some possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study.

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

To describe: The possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study.

Answer to Problem 1UA

The possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study are age and medical report.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

The study based on the pharmaceutical company has applied for the approval to market a new arthritis medication.

Justification:

Confounding variable:

Confounding variable is a third variable that is associated with explanatory and response variables. In other words, confounding variable influences the response variable.

Here, the possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study are age and medical report.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

To describe: The possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study.

Answer to Problem 1UA

The possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study are age and medical report.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

The study based on the pharmaceutical company has applied for the approval to market a new arthritis medication.

Justification:

Confounding variable:

Confounding variable is a third variable that is associated with explanatory and response variables. In other words, confounding variable influences the response variable.

Here, the possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study are age and medical report.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

To describe: The possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study.

Answer to Problem 1UA

The possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study are age and medical report.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

The study based on the pharmaceutical company has applied for the approval to market a new arthritis medication.

Justification:

Confounding variable:

Confounding variable is a third variable that is associated with explanatory and response variables. In other words, confounding variable influences the response variable.

Here, the possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study are age and medical report.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

To determine

To describe: The possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study.

Answer 12

Answer to Problem 1UA

The possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study are age and medical report.

Answer 13

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

The study based on the pharmaceutical company has applied for the approval to market a new arthritis medication.

Justification:

Confounding variable:

Confounding variable is a third variable that is associated with explanatory and response variables. In other words, confounding variable influences the response variable.

Here, the possible confounding variables that could influence the results of the study are age and medical report.

Answer 14

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