a) Cholesterol, C 27 H 46 O Interpretation: The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol, C 27 H 46 O, is to be calculated. Concept introduction: The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C n H 2n+2 . Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula. To calculate: The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C 27 H 46 O.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7.SE, Problem 67AP

Interpretation Introduction

a) Cholesterol, C₂₇H₄₆O

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol, C₂₇H₄₆O, is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O is 5.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of cholesterol is C₂₇H₄₆O. If oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₂₇H₄₆. A hydrocarbon with twenty seven carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₇H₅₆. The compound given has five pairs of hydrogens (H₅₆-H₄₆=10) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 5.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O is 5.

Interpretation Introduction

b) DDT, C₁₄H₉Cl₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in DDT, C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is to be calculated and to draw five possible structures with this formula.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in DDT with molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in DDT with molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is 8.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of DDT is C₁₄H₉Cl₅. Adding five hydrogens for five chlorines, we get the formula as C₁₄H₁₄. A hydrocarbon with fourteen carbons will have the molecular formula C₁₄H₃₀. The compound given has eight pairs of hydrogens (H₃₀-H₁₄=16) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 8.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in DDTwith molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is 8.

Interpretation Introduction

c) Prostaglandin E₁, C₂₀H₃₄O₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁, C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is 4.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of porostaglandin E₁ is C₂₀H₃₄O₅. If oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₂₀H₃₄. A hydrocarbon with twenty carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₀H₄₂. The compound given has four pairs of hydrogens (H₄₂-H₃₄=8) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 4.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is 4.

Interpretation Introduction

d) Caffeine, C₈H₁₀N₄O₂

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine, C₈H₁₀N₄O₂, is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of caffeine is C₈H₁₀N₄O₂. If four hydrogens are subtracted for four nitrogens and oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₈H₆. A hydrocarbon with eight carbons will have the molecular formula C₈H₁₈. The compound given has six pairs of hydrogens (H₁₈-H₆=12) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 6.

Conclusion:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Interpretation Introduction

e) Cortisone, C₂₁H₂₈O₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone, C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is 8.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of cortisone is C₂₁H₂₈O₅. If oxygens are ignored then the formula becomes C₂₁H₂₈. A hydrocarbon with twenty one carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₁H₄₄. The compound given has eight pairs of hydrogens (H₄₄-H₂₈=16) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 8.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is 8.

Interpretation Introduction

f) Atropine, C₁₇H₂₃NO₃

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in atropine, C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is 7.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of atropine is C₁₇H₂₃NO₃. If one hydrogen is subtracted for one nitrogen and oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₁₇H₂₂. A hydrocarbon with seventeen carbons will have the molecular formula C₁₇H₃₆. The compound given has seven pairs of hydrogens (H₃₆-H₂₂=14) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 7.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is 7.

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9. The following reaction, which proceeds via the SN1/E1 mechanisms, gives three alkene products (A, B, C) as well as an ether (D). (a) Show how each product arises mechanistically. (b) For the alkenes, determine the major product and justify your answer. (c) What clues in the reaction as shown suggest that this reaction does not go by the SN2/E2 mechanism route? (CH3)2CH-CH-CH3 CH3OH 1 Bl CH3OH ⑧· (CH3)2 CH-CH=CH2 heat H ⑥③ (CH3)2 C = C = CH3 © СнЗ-С-Снаснз сна (CH 3 ) 2 C H G H CH 3 оснз

Please Don't used hand raiting

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7.SE, Problem 67AP

Interpretation Introduction

a) Cholesterol, C₂₇H₄₆O

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol, C₂₇H₄₆O, is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O is 5.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of cholesterol is C₂₇H₄₆O. If oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₂₇H₄₆. A hydrocarbon with twenty seven carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₇H₅₆. The compound given has five pairs of hydrogens (H₅₆-H₄₆=10) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 5.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O is 5.

Interpretation Introduction

b) DDT, C₁₄H₉Cl₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in DDT, C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is to be calculated and to draw five possible structures with this formula.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in DDT with molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in DDT with molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is 8.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of DDT is C₁₄H₉Cl₅. Adding five hydrogens for five chlorines, we get the formula as C₁₄H₁₄. A hydrocarbon with fourteen carbons will have the molecular formula C₁₄H₃₀. The compound given has eight pairs of hydrogens (H₃₀-H₁₄=16) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 8.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in DDTwith molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is 8.

Interpretation Introduction

c) Prostaglandin E₁, C₂₀H₃₄O₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁, C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is 4.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of porostaglandin E₁ is C₂₀H₃₄O₅. If oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₂₀H₃₄. A hydrocarbon with twenty carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₀H₄₂. The compound given has four pairs of hydrogens (H₄₂-H₃₄=8) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 4.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is 4.

Interpretation Introduction

d) Caffeine, C₈H₁₀N₄O₂

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine, C₈H₁₀N₄O₂, is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of caffeine is C₈H₁₀N₄O₂. If four hydrogens are subtracted for four nitrogens and oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₈H₆. A hydrocarbon with eight carbons will have the molecular formula C₈H₁₈. The compound given has six pairs of hydrogens (H₁₈-H₆=12) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 6.

Conclusion:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Interpretation Introduction

e) Cortisone, C₂₁H₂₈O₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone, C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is 8.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of cortisone is C₂₁H₂₈O₅. If oxygens are ignored then the formula becomes C₂₁H₂₈. A hydrocarbon with twenty one carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₁H₄₄. The compound given has eight pairs of hydrogens (H₄₄-H₂₈=16) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 8.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is 8.

Interpretation Introduction

f) Atropine, C₁₇H₂₃NO₃

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in atropine, C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is 7.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of atropine is C₁₇H₂₃NO₃. If one hydrogen is subtracted for one nitrogen and oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₁₇H₂₂. A hydrocarbon with seventeen carbons will have the molecular formula C₁₇H₃₆. The compound given has seven pairs of hydrogens (H₃₆-H₂₂=14) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 7.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is 7.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7.SE, Problem 67AP

Interpretation Introduction

a) Cholesterol, C₂₇H₄₆O

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol, C₂₇H₄₆O, is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O is 5.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of cholesterol is C₂₇H₄₆O. If oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₂₇H₄₆. A hydrocarbon with twenty seven carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₇H₅₆. The compound given has five pairs of hydrogens (H₅₆-H₄₆=10) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 5.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O is 5.

Interpretation Introduction

b) DDT, C₁₄H₉Cl₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in DDT, C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is to be calculated and to draw five possible structures with this formula.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in DDT with molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in DDT with molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is 8.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of DDT is C₁₄H₉Cl₅. Adding five hydrogens for five chlorines, we get the formula as C₁₄H₁₄. A hydrocarbon with fourteen carbons will have the molecular formula C₁₄H₃₀. The compound given has eight pairs of hydrogens (H₃₀-H₁₄=16) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 8.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in DDTwith molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is 8.

Interpretation Introduction

c) Prostaglandin E₁, C₂₀H₃₄O₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁, C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is 4.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of porostaglandin E₁ is C₂₀H₃₄O₅. If oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₂₀H₃₄. A hydrocarbon with twenty carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₀H₄₂. The compound given has four pairs of hydrogens (H₄₂-H₃₄=8) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 4.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is 4.

Interpretation Introduction

d) Caffeine, C₈H₁₀N₄O₂

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine, C₈H₁₀N₄O₂, is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of caffeine is C₈H₁₀N₄O₂. If four hydrogens are subtracted for four nitrogens and oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₈H₆. A hydrocarbon with eight carbons will have the molecular formula C₈H₁₈. The compound given has six pairs of hydrogens (H₁₈-H₆=12) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 6.

Conclusion:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Interpretation Introduction

e) Cortisone, C₂₁H₂₈O₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone, C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is 8.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of cortisone is C₂₁H₂₈O₅. If oxygens are ignored then the formula becomes C₂₁H₂₈. A hydrocarbon with twenty one carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₁H₄₄. The compound given has eight pairs of hydrogens (H₄₄-H₂₈=16) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 8.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is 8.

Interpretation Introduction

f) Atropine, C₁₇H₂₃NO₃

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in atropine, C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is 7.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of atropine is C₁₇H₂₃NO₃. If one hydrogen is subtracted for one nitrogen and oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₁₇H₂₂. A hydrocarbon with seventeen carbons will have the molecular formula C₁₇H₃₆. The compound given has seven pairs of hydrogens (H₃₆-H₂₂=14) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 7.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is 7.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7.SE, Problem 67AP

Interpretation Introduction

a) Cholesterol, C₂₇H₄₆O

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol, C₂₇H₄₆O, is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O is 5.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of cholesterol is C₂₇H₄₆O. If oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₂₇H₄₆. A hydrocarbon with twenty seven carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₇H₅₆. The compound given has five pairs of hydrogens (H₅₆-H₄₆=10) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 5.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O is 5.

Interpretation Introduction

b) DDT, C₁₄H₉Cl₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in DDT, C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is to be calculated and to draw five possible structures with this formula.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in DDT with molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in DDT with molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is 8.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of DDT is C₁₄H₉Cl₅. Adding five hydrogens for five chlorines, we get the formula as C₁₄H₁₄. A hydrocarbon with fourteen carbons will have the molecular formula C₁₄H₃₀. The compound given has eight pairs of hydrogens (H₃₀-H₁₄=16) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 8.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in DDTwith molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is 8.

Interpretation Introduction

c) Prostaglandin E₁, C₂₀H₃₄O₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁, C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is 4.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of porostaglandin E₁ is C₂₀H₃₄O₅. If oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₂₀H₃₄. A hydrocarbon with twenty carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₀H₄₂. The compound given has four pairs of hydrogens (H₄₂-H₃₄=8) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 4.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is 4.

Interpretation Introduction

d) Caffeine, C₈H₁₀N₄O₂

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine, C₈H₁₀N₄O₂, is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of caffeine is C₈H₁₀N₄O₂. If four hydrogens are subtracted for four nitrogens and oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₈H₆. A hydrocarbon with eight carbons will have the molecular formula C₈H₁₈. The compound given has six pairs of hydrogens (H₁₈-H₆=12) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 6.

Conclusion:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Interpretation Introduction

e) Cortisone, C₂₁H₂₈O₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone, C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is 8.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of cortisone is C₂₁H₂₈O₅. If oxygens are ignored then the formula becomes C₂₁H₂₈. A hydrocarbon with twenty one carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₁H₄₄. The compound given has eight pairs of hydrogens (H₄₄-H₂₈=16) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 8.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is 8.

Interpretation Introduction

f) Atropine, C₁₇H₂₃NO₃

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in atropine, C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is 7.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of atropine is C₁₇H₂₃NO₃. If one hydrogen is subtracted for one nitrogen and oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₁₇H₂₂. A hydrocarbon with seventeen carbons will have the molecular formula C₁₇H₃₆. The compound given has seven pairs of hydrogens (H₃₆-H₂₂=14) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 7.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is 7.

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Answer 5

Chapter 7.SE, Problem 67AP

Interpretation Introduction

a) Cholesterol, C₂₇H₄₆O

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol, C₂₇H₄₆O, is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O is 5.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of cholesterol is C₂₇H₄₆O. If oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₂₇H₄₆. A hydrocarbon with twenty seven carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₇H₅₆. The compound given has five pairs of hydrogens (H₅₆-H₄₆=10) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 5.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O is 5.

Interpretation Introduction

b) DDT, C₁₄H₉Cl₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in DDT, C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is to be calculated and to draw five possible structures with this formula.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in DDT with molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in DDT with molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is 8.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of DDT is C₁₄H₉Cl₅. Adding five hydrogens for five chlorines, we get the formula as C₁₄H₁₄. A hydrocarbon with fourteen carbons will have the molecular formula C₁₄H₃₀. The compound given has eight pairs of hydrogens (H₃₀-H₁₄=16) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 8.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in DDTwith molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is 8.

Interpretation Introduction

c) Prostaglandin E₁, C₂₀H₃₄O₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁, C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is 4.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of porostaglandin E₁ is C₂₀H₃₄O₅. If oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₂₀H₃₄. A hydrocarbon with twenty carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₀H₄₂. The compound given has four pairs of hydrogens (H₄₂-H₃₄=8) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 4.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is 4.

Interpretation Introduction

d) Caffeine, C₈H₁₀N₄O₂

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine, C₈H₁₀N₄O₂, is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of caffeine is C₈H₁₀N₄O₂. If four hydrogens are subtracted for four nitrogens and oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₈H₆. A hydrocarbon with eight carbons will have the molecular formula C₈H₁₈. The compound given has six pairs of hydrogens (H₁₈-H₆=12) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 6.

Conclusion:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Interpretation Introduction

e) Cortisone, C₂₁H₂₈O₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone, C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is 8.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of cortisone is C₂₁H₂₈O₅. If oxygens are ignored then the formula becomes C₂₁H₂₈. A hydrocarbon with twenty one carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₁H₄₄. The compound given has eight pairs of hydrogens (H₄₄-H₂₈=16) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 8.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is 8.

Interpretation Introduction

f) Atropine, C₁₇H₂₃NO₃

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in atropine, C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is 7.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of atropine is C₁₇H₂₃NO₃. If one hydrogen is subtracted for one nitrogen and oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₁₇H₂₂. A hydrocarbon with seventeen carbons will have the molecular formula C₁₇H₃₆. The compound given has seven pairs of hydrogens (H₃₆-H₂₂=14) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 7.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is 7.

Answer 6

Chapter 7.SE, Problem 67AP

Interpretation Introduction

a) Cholesterol, C₂₇H₄₆O

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol, C₂₇H₄₆O, is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O is 5.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of cholesterol is C₂₇H₄₆O. If oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₂₇H₄₆. A hydrocarbon with twenty seven carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₇H₅₆. The compound given has five pairs of hydrogens (H₅₆-H₄₆=10) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 5.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O is 5.

Answer 7

Chapter 7.SE, Problem 67AP

Interpretation Introduction

a) Cholesterol, C₂₇H₄₆O

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol, C₂₇H₄₆O, is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O is 5.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of cholesterol is C₂₇H₄₆O. If oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₂₇H₄₆. A hydrocarbon with twenty seven carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₇H₅₆. The compound given has five pairs of hydrogens (H₅₆-H₄₆=10) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 5.

Answer 13

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in cholesterol with molecular formula C₂₇H₄₆O is 5.

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

b) DDT, C₁₄H₉Cl₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in DDT, C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is to be calculated and to draw five possible structures with this formula.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in DDT with molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in DDT with molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is 8.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of DDT is C₁₄H₉Cl₅. Adding five hydrogens for five chlorines, we get the formula as C₁₄H₁₄. A hydrocarbon with fourteen carbons will have the molecular formula C₁₄H₃₀. The compound given has eight pairs of hydrogens (H₃₀-H₁₄=16) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 8.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in DDTwith molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is 8.

Answer 15

Interpretation Introduction

b) DDT, C₁₄H₉Cl₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in DDT, C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is to be calculated and to draw five possible structures with this formula.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in DDT with molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in DDT with molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is 8.

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Expert Solution

Answer 20

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of DDT is C₁₄H₉Cl₅. Adding five hydrogens for five chlorines, we get the formula as C₁₄H₁₄. A hydrocarbon with fourteen carbons will have the molecular formula C₁₄H₃₀. The compound given has eight pairs of hydrogens (H₃₀-H₁₄=16) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 8.

Answer 21

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in DDTwith molecular formula C₁₄H₉Cl₅ is 8.

Answer 22

Interpretation Introduction

c) Prostaglandin E₁, C₂₀H₃₄O₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁, C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is 4.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of porostaglandin E₁ is C₂₀H₃₄O₅. If oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₂₀H₃₄. A hydrocarbon with twenty carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₀H₄₂. The compound given has four pairs of hydrogens (H₄₂-H₃₄=8) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 4.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is 4.

Answer 23

Interpretation Introduction

c) Prostaglandin E₁, C₂₀H₃₄O₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁, C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅.

Answer 24

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is 4.

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Expert Solution

Answer 27

Expert Solution

Answer 28

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of porostaglandin E₁ is C₂₀H₃₄O₅. If oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₂₀H₃₄. A hydrocarbon with twenty carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₀H₄₂. The compound given has four pairs of hydrogens (H₄₂-H₃₄=8) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 4.

Answer 29

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in prostaglandin E₁ with molecular formula C₂₀H₃₄O₅ is 4.

Answer 30

Interpretation Introduction

d) Caffeine, C₈H₁₀N₄O₂

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine, C₈H₁₀N₄O₂, is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of caffeine is C₈H₁₀N₄O₂. If four hydrogens are subtracted for four nitrogens and oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₈H₆. A hydrocarbon with eight carbons will have the molecular formula C₈H₁₈. The compound given has six pairs of hydrogens (H₁₈-H₆=12) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 6.

Conclusion:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Answer 31

Interpretation Introduction

d) Caffeine, C₈H₁₀N₄O₂

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine, C₈H₁₀N₄O₂, is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂.

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Answer 33

Expert Solution

Answer 34

Expert Solution

Answer 35

Expert Solution

Answer 36

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of caffeine is C₈H₁₀N₄O₂. If four hydrogens are subtracted for four nitrogens and oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₈H₆. A hydrocarbon with eight carbons will have the molecular formula C₈H₁₈. The compound given has six pairs of hydrogens (H₁₈-H₆=12) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 6.

Conclusion:

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Answer 37

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in caffeine with molecular formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ is 6.

Answer 38

Interpretation Introduction

e) Cortisone, C₂₁H₂₈O₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone, C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is 8.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of cortisone is C₂₁H₂₈O₅. If oxygens are ignored then the formula becomes C₂₁H₂₈. A hydrocarbon with twenty one carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₁H₄₄. The compound given has eight pairs of hydrogens (H₄₄-H₂₈=16) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 8.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is 8.

Answer 39

Interpretation Introduction

e) Cortisone, C₂₁H₂₈O₅

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone, C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅.

Answer 40

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is 8.

Answer 41

Expert Solution

Answer 42

Expert Solution

Answer 43

Expert Solution

Answer 44

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of cortisone is C₂₁H₂₈O₅. If oxygens are ignored then the formula becomes C₂₁H₂₈. A hydrocarbon with twenty one carbons will have the molecular formula C₂₁H₄₄. The compound given has eight pairs of hydrogens (H₄₄-H₂₈=16) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 8.

Answer 45

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in cortisone with molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅ is 8.

Answer 46

Interpretation Introduction

f) Atropine, C₁₇H₂₃NO₃

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in atropine, C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is 7.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of atropine is C₁₇H₂₃NO₃. If one hydrogen is subtracted for one nitrogen and oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₁₇H₂₂. A hydrocarbon with seventeen carbons will have the molecular formula C₁₇H₃₆. The compound given has seven pairs of hydrogens (H₃₆-H₂₂=14) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 7.

Conclusion

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is 7.

Answer 47

Interpretation Introduction

f) Atropine, C₁₇H₂₃NO₃

Interpretation:

The degree of unsaturation in atropine, C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The degree of unsaturation is equal to the number of rings and/or multiple bonds present in the molecule. The general formula of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2. Knowing this relationship and by working backward the degree of unsaturation in a molecule can be calculated. Each ring or a double bond in a molecule corresponds to a loss of two hydrogens from the formula of alkane. If the compound contains halogens, oxygen and/or nitrogen, then the number of halogens is to be added to the number of hydrogens, the number of oxygens to be ignored and number of the nitrogens is to be subtracted, in arriving at an equivalent hydrocarbon formula.

To calculate:

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃.

Answer 48

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 67AP

The degree of unsaturation in atropine with molecular formula C₁₇H₂₃NO₃ is 7.

Answer 49

Expert Solution

Answer 50

Expert Solution

Answer 51

Expert Solution

Answer 52

Explanation of Solution

Molecular formula of atropine is C₁₇H₂₃NO₃. If one hydrogen is subtracted for one nitrogen and oxygens are ignored the formula becomes C₁₇H₂₂. A hydrocarbon with seventeen carbons will have the molecular formula C₁₇H₃₆. The compound given has seven pairs of hydrogens (H₃₆-H₂₂=14) less. So its degree of unsaturation is 7.