Chapter 7, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of each carbon atom in following structure should be determined.

  

Concept Introduction:

The process of the mixing of orbitals having similar symmetry and energy to results equal number of orbitals is known as hybridization.

The formed orbitals are known as hybrid orbitals.

Carbon belongs to group 4 of the periodic table and its atomic number is 6.

The electronic configuration of carbon is: ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{2}}$

In the hybridization, carbon uses 2s and 2p orbitals.

For example:

In case of sp³ hybridization, one 2s and three 2p orbitals of carbon combine to form four sp³ hybrid orbitals.

The electronic configuration of carbon before and after sp³ hybridization is:

  

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of each carbon atom in following structure should be determined.

  

Concept Introduction:

The process of the mixing of orbitals having similar symmetry and energy to results equal number of orbitals is known as hybridization.

The formed orbitals are known as hybrid orbitals.

Carbon belongs to group 4 of the periodic table and its atomic number is 6.

The electronic configuration of carbon is: ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{2}}$

In the hybridization, carbon uses 2s and 2p orbitals.

For example:

In case of sp³ hybridization, one 2s and three 2p orbitals of carbon combine to form four sp³ hybrid orbitals.

The electronic configuration of carbon before and after sp³ hybridization is:

  

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of each carbon atom in following structure should be determined.

  

Concept Introduction:

The process of the mixing of orbitals having similar symmetry and energy to results equal number of orbitals is known as hybridization.

The formed orbitals are known as hybrid orbitals.

Carbon belongs to group 4 of the periodic table and its atomic number is 6.

The electronic configuration of carbon is: ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{2}}$

In the hybridization, carbon uses 2s and 2p orbitals.

For example:

In case of sp³ hybridization, one 2s and three 2p orbitals of carbon combine to form four sp³ hybrid orbitals.

The electronic configuration of carbon before and after sp³ hybridization is:

  

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of each carbon atom in following structure should be determined.

  

Concept Introduction:

The process of the mixing of orbitals having similar symmetry and energy to results equal number of orbitals is known as hybridization.

The formed orbitals are known as hybrid orbitals.

Carbon belongs to group 4 of the periodic table and its atomic number is 6.

The electronic configuration of carbon is: ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{2}}$

In the hybridization, carbon uses 2s and 2p orbitals.

For example:

In case of sp³ hybridization, one 2s and three 2p orbitals of carbon combine to form four sp³ hybrid orbitals.

The electronic configuration of carbon before and after sp³ hybridization is: