Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 6, Problem 9TYU
Summary Introduction
Introduction: Cells communicate with each other by a process known as cell signaling. It is important for an organism to receive and respond to the stimulus. There are four sequences of events that take place in cell signaling. They are signal transmission, reception, signal transduction, and response. Signal transduction is the process of conversion of an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. It involves a cascade of molecules that transfers information in amplified way.
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When the inhibitory Ga (Gia) protein is mutated and increases its intrinsic GTPase activity,
a) Adenylate cyclase become more active
b) Gia becomes more active
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a or b
Which receptor undergoes clustering and autophosphorylation in response to activation by a signal?
Group of answer choices:
a)Ligand-gated ion channels
b)Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)
c)G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)
d)Nuclear Receptors
Signaling by tyrosine kinase receptors is generally associated with all of the following
except:
OA) receptor dimerization
B) growth factor responses
C) heterotrimeric G proteins
OD) cross phosphorylation
E) generating protein binding sites due to phosphorylation
Chapter 6 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 6.1 - Describe the four main processes essential for...Ch. 6.1 - What is the sequence of events that takes place in...Ch. 6.1 - Prob. 2CCh. 6.2 - Compare three types of signaling molecules:...Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 1CCh. 6.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 6.2 - Prob. 3CCh. 6.3 - Identify mechanisms that make reception a highly...Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 4LOCh. 6.3 - Prob. 1C
Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 6.3 - Prob. 3CCh. 6.3 - Prob. 4CCh. 6.4 - Prob. 5LOCh. 6.4 - Trace the sequence of events in signal...Ch. 6.4 - How is an extracellular signal converted to an...Ch. 6.4 - Prob. 2CCh. 6.4 - Prob. 3CCh. 6.5 - Prob. 7LOCh. 6.5 - Prob. 8LOCh. 6.5 - Prob. 1CCh. 6.5 - Prob. 2CCh. 6.5 - Prob. 3CCh. 6.6 - Cite evidence supporting a long evolutionary...Ch. 6.6 - Prob. 1CCh. 6 - During signal transduction (a) the cell converts...Ch. 6 - When a signaling molecule binds with a receptor,...Ch. 6 - G proteinlinked receptors (a) inactivate G...Ch. 6 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 6 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 6 - Calcium ions (a) can act as second messengers (b)...Ch. 6 - When growth hormone binds to an enzyme-linked...Ch. 6 - Scaffold proteins (a) release kinases and...Ch. 6 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 6 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 6 - More than 500 genes have been identified in the...Ch. 6 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 6 - Prob. 13TYUCh. 6 - EVOLUTION LINK Cell signaling in plant and animal...Ch. 6 - EVOLUTION LINK Some of the same G proteinlinked...Ch. 6 - Prob. 16TYU
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Similar questions
- Signaling molecules interact with cells through specific macromolecular receptors. For each of the four receptors identified below, list all characteristics, by number, which accurately describe that receptor. (a) An adrenergic receptor (b) A steroid receptor (c) The LDL receptor (d) The insulin receptor (1) Located at the cell surface (2) Associated with the protein clathrin (3) Ligand binding stimulates the activity of phospholipase C (4) A transmembrane protein (5) A DNA-binding protein (6) Located in the cell interior (7) Receptor–ligand complex moves to the lysosome (8) Receptor–ligand complex becomes concentrated in the nucleus (9) Receptor activation can inhibit the synthesis of glycogen (10) The hormone–receptor complex activates specific gene transcription (11) Internalization decreases the synthesis of cholesterol esters (12) Action of this receptor diminishes the synthesis and activity of bhydroxy-b-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) (13) This receptor…arrow_forwardWith protein kinase-mediated molecular switches, downstream target molecules are typically activated by ... a) being phosphorylated b) binding to ATP c) the action of a phosphataase d) hydrolysis of GTP e) binding to GTParrow_forwardDuring signal transduction (a) the cell converts an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that leads to a change in some cell process (b) a signaling molecule directly activates or represses several genes (c) each enzymecatalyzes production of one molecule of product (d) enzymes in the signal cascade remain active until the last component of the pathway alters a cellular process (e) the signal is terminated by cyclic AMParrow_forward
- Signaling by tyrosine kinase receptors is generally associated with all of the following except: A) receptor dimerization B) growth factor responses C) heterotrimeric G proteins D) cross phosphorylation E) generating protein binding sites due to phosphorylationarrow_forwardThe transforming growth factory beta (TGF-b) family of hormones / growth factors are dimers and they interact with specific receptors. Which of the following statements about these receptors is correct? a) A receptor complex is formed from a type 1 and a type 2 receptor b) A receptor complex is formed between the ligand and the receptor c) This family interacts with a single serine- threonine kinase receptor d) The major receptor is intracellular e) The receptor is a G-protein receptorarrow_forwardSort the following steps of GPCR signal propagation (you may not use all the steps): A) Dephosphorylation of GPCR B) G protein dissociation to adenylate cyclase and GTP binds to the G protein C) Ligand binding to GPCR D) G protein dissociation from GPCR and GDP binds to the G protein E) Synthesis of CAMP F) Activation of PKA G) G protein association to adenylate cyclase H) G protein dissociation from GPCR and GTP binds to the G protein O F, C, H, F, B OC OB, D, A, E, H O C, H, G, E, F OA, G, H, B, Earrow_forward
- Which of the following directly phosphorylate tyrosines to start a kinase protein enzymatic cascade? a) Receptor threonine kinase b) Receptor serine kinase c) Receptor tyrosine kinase d) Receptor guanylyl cyclasesarrow_forwardThe development of a) transmembrane proteins b) cell-cell signaling c) dendritic spines is the first known evolutionary precursor to synapses. d) GABA receptorsarrow_forwardYou decide to investigate cell signaling of a pair of newly identified GPCRs, GPCR-W and GPCR-Z. Each binds the same ligand, but activates different downstream heterotrimeric G-proteins that act on adenylyl cyclase. You discover that ligand binding has opposite effects on adenylyl cyclase activity for each receptor. GPCR-W causes an increase in adenylyl cyclase activity, while GPCR-Z causes a decrease in adenylyl cyclase activity. You obtain a cell line expressing GPCR-W, GPCR-Z, the relevant G-proteins, and adenylyl cyclase. There is baseline adenylyl cyclase activity producing a baseline amount of cAMP. You embark on a research project to characterize the following mutations in the components of the signaling pathway. 2. Will each of the following mutations increase or decrease the levels of cAMP inside the cell upon adding the ligand to the cell culture? A mutation in GPCR-W that prevents G-protein activation? A mutation in GPCR-Z that prevents G-protein activation? A mutation in…arrow_forward
- You decide to investigate cell signaling of a pair of newly identified GPCRs, GPCR-W and GPCR-Z. Each binds the same ligand, but activates different downstream heterotrimeric G-proteins that act on adenylyl cyclase. You discover that ligand binding has opposite effects on adenylyl cyclase activity for each receptor. GPCR-W causes an increase in adenylyl cyclase activity, while GPCR-Z causes a decrease in adenylyl cyclase activity. You obtain a cell line expressing GPCR-W, GPCR-Z, the relevant G-proteins, and adenylyl cyclase. There is baseline adenylyl cyclase activity producing a baseline amount of cAMP. You embark on a research project to characterize the following mutations in the components of the signaling pathway. 2. Will each of the following mutations increase or decrease the levels of cAMP inside the cell upon adding the ligand to the cell culture? A mutation in Gi that prevents release of bound GDP. A mutation in Gs that prevents GTP hydrolysis. A mutation in Gi that…arrow_forwardG protein–linked receptors (a) inactivate G proteins (b) activate first messengers (c) consist of 18 transmembrane alpha helices (d) have a tail that extends into the cytosol with a binding site for a G protein (e) are located in the cytoplasm or nucleusarrow_forwardDescribe the signal transduction pathway for Two or Three of the following: a) ß-adrenergic (epinephrine) receptor b) Histamine receptor (hint: this is a Go type receptor) c) Growth hormone receptor d) Epidermal growth factor receptor e) Insulin receptor Make sure to cover all the principal steps within molecular circuits in the specifically chosen signal transduction pathway. Also, be clear on which exact receptor and pathway you are describing. You can support your answer with a drawing, but do not forget to describe it.arrow_forward
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