Penicillin was first used in the
a. Why is the CDC so active in making these recommendations?
b. What are the short-term implications of these frequent changes for physicians and clinics that treat sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea and for individuals infected with gonorrhea?
c. What are the long-term implications of these frequent changes in treatment recommendations for the patient population?
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Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition)
- Select all of the following that applies to the tradeoff between transmission and virulence that applies to many diseases. a) The tradeoff between transmission and virulence means that diseases always evolve to become more virulent. b) If greater virulence limits transmission, that disease will likely evolve to become less virulent than it could be. c) While making more copies of itself can increase the likelihood of transmission occurring, too much replication of the disease can make the host so sick it won't leave the house and spread the disease. d) A strain of a disease that replicates enough to be transmitted, but not so much that the host gets too sick to move, will be favored by natural selection over strains that either make the host too sick or do not replicate enough to be transmitted. e) If a disease can spread without making its host sick (e.g. when the host is asymptomatic), then the tradeoff between transmission and virulence…arrow_forwardInfection rates for many STIs continue to be highest among young people (typically defined as around 15–24 years old). What are some reasons for this? What would you recommend to increase prevention or encourage testing or treatment among this group?arrow_forwardThis article highlights a young doctor at Elmhurst Hospital during the beginning of Covid-19 pandemic. Dr. Zikry is quoted as saying: “It’s become very clear to me what a socioeconomic disease this is...”. In addition, the textbook discusses the personal variables and socioeconomic status (SES) that are used to find patterns in disease (pp.112-118). What do you think Dr. Zikry meant by referring to the SES of his patients? Why was it important to find a pattern of personal variables and SES among the of victims of Covid-19 at the beginning of the pandemic?arrow_forward
- The emergence of new cases of polio linked to the oral vaccine had been reported in a number of African and Asian countries, revealing that there are now more children being paralyzed by viruses originating in vaccines than in the wild. Viral contamination of a biological may arise from many factors, from handling to the origin of the materials used in the cell culture. a What could be the reason for the outbreak in those countries? D) The method of producing attenuated “live" vaccines involve passing the disease- tausing virus through a series of cell cultures or animal embryos (typically chick embryos). Explain the procedure in details and cite the reason why the method involve passing a virus through a non-human host?arrow_forwardX is a zoonotic infection first identified in humans in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The infection presents clinically with fever, rash and swollen lymph nodes and may lead to a range of medical complications. X was first identified outside of Africa in 2003 and later reported in the United States of America, linked to contact with infected pet prairie dogs. The pets were reportedly housed with Gambian pouched rats and dormice, imported from Ghana. X has also been further reported in travelers from Nigeria to different countries around the world between 2018 and 2021. This resulted in multiple cases of X identified in several non-endemic countries in 2022, including South Africa.2.1 Identify the infection (X) and provide a detailed description of the causative agent. (10)2.2 Discuss the transmission and pathogenesis of the virus that causes infection X. (10)2.3 Explain the clinical symptoms and laboratory diagnosis of infection X. (10)2.4 Discuss the importance of…arrow_forwardBefore development of a vaccine against this microbe, thedisease it caused accounted for two-thirds of bacterial meningi-tis cases during the first year of life but is still the number oneleading cause of mental retardation in patients who survive seri-ous disease due to permanent central nervous system disorders.What is the microorganism?(a) Haemophilus influenzae type B(b) Haemophilus influenzae type A(c) Neisseria meningitidis(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae(e) Listeria monocytogenesarrow_forward
- Based on our class results, which of the following should be effective when treating an E. faecalis infection? [Choose all that apply] Group of answer choices Kanamycin (K-30) Vancomycin (Va-30) Novobiocin (NB-30) Ciprofloxacin (CIP-5) Ampicillin (AM-10) Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid (AmC-30) Bacitracin (B-10) Bacitracin (B-10) Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (SXT)arrow_forwardQ3) More than a century ago, Robert Koch realized that to prove the germ theory of disease, he would have to develop a standard for determining causation that would stand the test of scientific scrutiny. (a) Discuss how the principles of Robert Koch's postulate play an important role in modern epidemiology. (b) Explain how an asymptomatic patient can infect another person to the point of causing the person to experience acute symptoms and possibly death.arrow_forwardDrug-resistant TB can be acquired via sequential mutations in the pathogen’s genome, or via transmission of a resistant pathogen from another person. How can these events be distinguished? Why is it important to know which is more prevalent?arrow_forward
- The Ro of Ebola has been estimated to be somewhere between 1.5 and 2. See graphic below. The number of people that one sick person will infect (on average) is called R₂. Here are the maximum R, values for a few viruses. more contagious R₂- Hepatitis C (2) Ebola (2) HIV (4) SARS (4) Mumps (10) Measles (18) **** What percentage of the population would have to be vaccinated to stop the spread of Ebola if it were to be introduced to a new continent? a. 33-50% O b. >99% C. 75-99% d. 66-75% e. <33%arrow_forwardThe book "Spillover" by David Quammen mentions the significance of anecdotal evidence from locals who've experienced isolated outbreaks. Give an example from the book of such evidence and how it is actually valuable to scientists, even if accounts are second- or third hand. How was anecdotal evidence used to understand the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic? Give two specific examples.arrow_forwardJust last week the Energy Department now seems pretty confident that the coronavirus came from a lab leak: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/26/us/politics/china-lab-leak-coronavirus-pandemic.html The textbook discusses how the environment is part of the epidemiologic triangle. What is the epidemiologic triangle? (Figure 10-2, p.210). Why does it matter where this coronavirus started? Do you have any theories about how the virus was transmitted to humans?arrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning