
Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The fractional charge that is present on a more electronegative atom in a polar covalent bond has to be chosen from the given options.
Concept Introduction:
Close relationship between ionic and covalent bonding models becomes apparent if the bond polarity and electronegativity is considered. Electronegativity is the measure of relative attractive for the shared pair of electrons in a bond. Higher the electronegative value for an atom, the more it attracts the shared pair of electrons towards itself.
In Periodic table, when moving from left to right in a period, the electronegativity value increases. While moving from top to bottom within group, the electronegativity value decreases. Nonmetals have higher electronegativity values than metals. Metals gives electrons and nonmetals accepts electrons.
Bond polarity is the degree of inequality in the electron pair sharing between two atoms in a
The ionic and covalent bonds can be identified by using the electronegativity difference between the atoms that are bonded together.
- Bonds that are formed between two similar electronegative atoms are known as nonpolar covalent bonds. The electronegativity difference has to be 0.4 or less.
- The bonds that have electronegativity difference greater than 0.4 and lesser than 1.5 are known as polar covalent bonds.
- If the electronegativity difference is more than 2.0, then the bond is considered to be ionic.
- If the electronegativity difference is between 1.5 to 2.0, then the bond can be ionic or covalent depending upon the type of atoms that is bonded. If the bond is between a metal and nonmetal, then it is ionic and if it is between two nonmetals then it is polar covalent.

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Chapter 5 Solutions
Study Guide with Selected Solutions for Stoker's General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 7th
- Predict major product(s) for the following reactions. Note the mechanism(s) of the reactions (SN1, E1, SN2 or E2).arrow_forwardQ3: Rank the following compounds in increasing reactivity of E1 and E2 eliminations, respectively. Br ca. go do A CI CI B C CI Darrow_forwardQ5: Predict major product(s) for the following reactions. Note the mechanism(s) of the reactions (SN1, E1, SN2 or E2). H₂O דיי "Br KN3 CH3CH2OH NaNH2 NH3 Page 3 of 6 Chem 0310 Organic Chemistry 1 HW Problem Sets CI Br excess NaOCH 3 CH3OH Br KOC(CH3)3 DuckDuckGarrow_forward
- Q4: Circle the substrate that gives a single alkene product in a E2 elimination. CI CI Br Brarrow_forwardPlease calculate the chemical shift of each protonsarrow_forwardQ1: Answer the questions for the reaction below: ..!! Br OH a) Predict the product(s) of the reaction. b) Is the substrate optically active? Are the product(s) optically active as a mix? c) Draw the curved arrow mechanism for the reaction. d) What happens to the SN1 reaction rate in each of these instances: 1. Change the substrate to Br 'CI 2. Change the substrate to 3. Change the solvent from 100% CH3CH2OH to 10% CH3CH2OH + 90% DMF 4. Increase the substrate concentration by 3-fold.arrow_forward
- Q6: Provide the reagents and conditions for the following reactions to make the product with a good yield. Br Br CI она CIarrow_forwardQ2: We would not expect the following primary alkyl halide to go through an SN1 reaction. However, it can go through an SN1 mechanism. Explain why. Hint: Think about what happens when the leaving group leaves. CI NaO EtOH H བྱིས་ Harrow_forwardI performed this experiment, but I'm so confused. How do I find the first two blank columns using the data provided. What is the [I^-] mol/L and [S2O8^-2] mol/L. How do I find this? Please help!arrow_forward
- Example 3 A molecule is achiral if it has a plane of symmetry in any conformation. The given conformation of 2,3-dibromobutane below does not have a plane of symmetry. Will rotation around the C2-C3 bond form a conformation with a plane of symmetry? Draw the conformation to find out. DIY: Do the same for: H3C Brill rotate H CH3 OH HO Brarrow_forward120 100 20 20 bound drug/free drug (%) 60 40 60 80 80 0 0 Scatchard Plot of Drug Binding 20 20 40 60 80 100 120 bound drug (nM)arrow_forwardUsing diethylmalonate and benzyl bromide as your only as your only source of carbon, propose a synthesis for the following compound.arrow_forward
- General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781285853918Author:H. Stephen StokerPublisher:Cengage LearningOrganic And Biological ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305081079Author:STOKER, H. Stephen (howard Stephen)Publisher:Cengage Learning,

