The total annual amount of incoming energy when it is assumed that the cross-sectional area of earth is 1.28 × 10 18 cm 2 and it is given that the energy arrives at the upper surface of Earth’s atmosphere at the rate of 1.94 cal/min/cm 2 of the cross-sectional area. Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 5.1PS

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The total annual amount of incoming energy when it is assumed that the cross-sectional area of earth is 1.28 × 10¹⁸ cm² and it is given that the energy arrives at the upper surface of Earth’s atmosphere at the rate of 1.94 cal/min/cm² of the cross-sectional area.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The fate of the energy, particularly in the wavelength ranges below 300 nm and above 80 nm, which do not reach the Earth’s surface.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The low utilization efficiency of photosynthetically entrapping the radiations that reach the Earth’s surface.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 5.1PS

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The total annual amount of incoming energy when it is assumed that the cross-sectional area of earth is 1.28 × 10¹⁸ cm² and it is given that the energy arrives at the upper surface of Earth’s atmosphere at the rate of 1.94 cal/min/cm² of the cross-sectional area.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The fate of the energy, particularly in the wavelength ranges below 300 nm and above 80 nm, which do not reach the Earth’s surface.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The low utilization efficiency of photosynthetically entrapping the radiations that reach the Earth’s surface.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 5.1PS

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The total annual amount of incoming energy when it is assumed that the cross-sectional area of earth is 1.28 × 10¹⁸ cm² and it is given that the energy arrives at the upper surface of Earth’s atmosphere at the rate of 1.94 cal/min/cm² of the cross-sectional area.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The fate of the energy, particularly in the wavelength ranges below 300 nm and above 80 nm, which do not reach the Earth’s surface.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The low utilization efficiency of photosynthetically entrapping the radiations that reach the Earth’s surface.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 5.1PS

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The total annual amount of incoming energy when it is assumed that the cross-sectional area of earth is 1.28 × 10¹⁸ cm² and it is given that the energy arrives at the upper surface of Earth’s atmosphere at the rate of 1.94 cal/min/cm² of the cross-sectional area.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The fate of the energy, particularly in the wavelength ranges below 300 nm and above 80 nm, which do not reach the Earth’s surface.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The low utilization efficiency of photosynthetically entrapping the radiations that reach the Earth’s surface.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

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Answer 5

Chapter 5, Problem 5.1PS

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The total annual amount of incoming energy when it is assumed that the cross-sectional area of earth is 1.28 × 10¹⁸ cm² and it is given that the energy arrives at the upper surface of Earth’s atmosphere at the rate of 1.94 cal/min/cm² of the cross-sectional area.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The fate of the energy, particularly in the wavelength ranges below 300 nm and above 80 nm, which do not reach the Earth’s surface.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The low utilization efficiency of photosynthetically entrapping the radiations that reach the Earth’s surface.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

Answer 6

Chapter 5, Problem 5.1PS

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The total annual amount of incoming energy when it is assumed that the cross-sectional area of earth is 1.28 × 10¹⁸ cm² and it is given that the energy arrives at the upper surface of Earth’s atmosphere at the rate of 1.94 cal/min/cm² of the cross-sectional area.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

Answer 7

Chapter 5, Problem 5.1PS

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The total annual amount of incoming energy when it is assumed that the cross-sectional area of earth is 1.28 × 10¹⁸ cm² and it is given that the energy arrives at the upper surface of Earth’s atmosphere at the rate of 1.94 cal/min/cm² of the cross-sectional area.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

Answer 8

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The fate of the energy, particularly in the wavelength ranges below 300 nm and above 80 nm, which do not reach the Earth’s surface.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

Answer 9

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The fate of the energy, particularly in the wavelength ranges below 300 nm and above 80 nm, which do not reach the Earth’s surface.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

Answer 10

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The low utilization efficiency of photosynthetically entrapping the radiations that reach the Earth’s surface.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

Answer 11

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The low utilization efficiency of photosynthetically entrapping the radiations that reach the Earth’s surface.

Introduction: Solar energy is the prime source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth directly or indirectly. Photoautotrophic organisms capture this incoming energy from sunlight and convert it into biological energy forms. Heterotrophic organisms depend on these autotrophic organisms for the conversion of solar energy into biological energy. A large amount of solar energy reaches Earth’s surface but only a small fraction of it is converted for biological use. Out of the total amount of energy released by the sun, a very small portion of it reaches the Earth’s surface.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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