Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 42, Problem 14TYK
Summary Introduction
To review:
An experiment to observe whether a new synthetic chemical is an endocrine disruptor.
Introduction:
The endocrine disruptors can be defined as the chemical substances that interfere with the activity of hormones at some specific dose. As a consequence of their activity, cancerous tumors, developmental disorders, and birth defects takes place. The endocrine disruptors derail the functions controlled by the hormones in the body.
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Place the following steps (showing how a steroid hormone changes the activities of its target cells) in order of what happens first, second, third, fourth, and last. Refer to image.
The hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus of the cell and binds to the DNA.
The steroid hormone passes through the cell membrane.
The hormone attaches to a receptor in the cytoplasm, forming a hormone-receptor complex.
A gene in the DNA is activated, and transcription and translation take place.
Proteins that alter the cell′s activities, such as enzymes, are made.
2. Place the following steps (showing how a hydrophilic hormone changes the activities of its target cells) in order of what happens first, second, third, and last. Refer to image.
The activity of the target cell is changed by the final enzyme in the cascade.
The second messenger activates or deactivates certain enzymes in a cascade fashion.
A second messenger is activated.
Hormone binds to a receptor protein.
All of the following statements relating to endocrine signaling are correct EXCEPT:
How could the origin of endocrine control systems lie in ordinary cellular events? How might the earliest multicellular organisms have evolved some sort of endocrine coordination?
Chapter 42 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 42.1 - What is the difference between a hormone and an...Ch. 42.1 - How is endocrine signaling different from...Ch. 42.2 - Prob. 1SBCh. 42.2 - Prob. 2SBCh. 42.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 42.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 42.4 - What effect does parathyroid hormone have on the...Ch. 42.4 - Prob. 2SBCh. 42.4 - Prob. 3SBCh. 42.4 - Prob. 4SB
Ch. 42.5 - How do hormones compare structurally and...Ch. 42 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 42 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 42 - When the concentration of thyroid hormone in the...Ch. 42 - Which of the following statements about endocrine...Ch. 42 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 42 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 42 - If the human body is stressed, glucocorticoids: a....Ch. 42 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 42 - Prob. 9TYKCh. 42 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 42 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 42 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 42 - Discuss Concepts In integrated pest management, a...Ch. 42 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 42 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 42 - Prob. 1ITDCh. 42 - Prob. 2ITDCh. 42 - Prob. 3ITDCh. 42 - Researchers measured prolactin and growth hormone...
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- A hormone molecule binds to a receptor on a cell membrane. It doesnt enter the cell; rather, the binding activates a second messenger inside the cell that triggers an amplified response to the hormonal signal. Is the signaling molecule a steroid or a nonsteroid hormone?arrow_forwardUnder in vivo conditions, chronic treatment with a noncompetitive antagonist may lead to the up-regulation of the targeted receptor over time. True False Cytokines are peptides that are generally made in advance by specific types of cells, stored in vesicles, and act as autocrine or paracrine factors. True False Thyroid hormone is stored in an extracellular compartment. True Falsearrow_forwardWhich of the following is not a true statement? A.) steroid and thyroid hormone signaling would be impaired if the plasma level of carrier proteins is not optimal. B.) Steroid and thyroid hormone-receptor complexes form dimers when they bind to the hormone-response elements on DNA C.) Epinephrine uses the adenylate cyclase and the phospholipase C second messenger systems D.) signaling by a peptide hormone would be impaired if a second messenger system is not functional in the target cell E.) signaling by a steroid hormone would be hindered if the adenylated cyclase second messenger system is not functional in the target cell.arrow_forward
- Identify the incorrect statement: O A. Steroid hormones, such as testosterone, are derived from cholesterol and regulate cell function by influencing transcription. O B. Melatonin is a hydrophobic steroid hormone synthesized by the pineal gland It regulates the circadian rhythm of the cell OC. Catecholamines are hydrophilic hormones synthesized from tyrosine. Therefore, membranes are barriers to them, and their receptors need to be on the extracellular surface. O D. Antidiuretic hormone is a peptide hormone that regulates fluid balance in the body O E. Thyroid hormone is a hydrophobic tyrosine derived hormone that regulates the metabolism,arrow_forwardThe binding of small amounts of hormones to target cell receptors triggers an intricate signal cascade. Why is the signal cascade necessary? Why not just have a simple molecularmechanism between the hormone and cellular effect?arrow_forwardIn their mechanism of action, a difference between steroid and nonsteroid hormones is that __________. nonsteroid hormones bind to DNA steroid hormones enter the nucleus of the target cell, and nonsteroid hormones do not nonsteroid hormones cross the plasma membrane more readily than do steroid hormones steroid hormones use a signal transduction pathwayarrow_forward
- Based on different criterions hormones can be classified in several ways. While classifying the hormones their mode of action plays a major role. All the hormones are transported through circulatory system, but to exert their function some needs to enter inside the cell. Some hormones can directly modify the course of gene expression and some are crippled by their chemical nature and needs help from other biomolecules. Based on this information discuss how can a hormone exert its biochemical function without acting directly in the intracellular level.arrow_forwardExplain how mutations in the following proteins might result in either loss of responsiveness to a given hormone or production of a continuous signal even in the absence of the hormone: a mutation in the regulatory (R) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, making R incapable of binding to the catalytic (C) subunitarrow_forwardDescribe to me why certain hormones (lipids-based hormones) can move directly through the cell membrane in comparison to hormones (protein-based hormones) have to bind to the outside of the cell and then send secondary messengering inside in order to work? Which hormones are in each of the 2 categories? How does this affect the way we deliver/treat hormone conditions?arrow_forward
- A new hormone is discovered. Analysis suggests that it is synthesized on demand and has a long half-life in the wwww www. bloodstream. It seems to activate gene transcription in its target cells, though no cell surface receptors can be identified. Which type of hormone is this most likely to be? A) Steroid hormone B) Catecholamine C) Thyroid hormone D) Peptide hormonearrow_forwardWhy has research on endocrine disruption spurred so much debate? What steps do you think could be taken to help establish greater consensus among scientists, industry, regulators, policymakers, and the public?arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is not true of the endocrine system? Select one: A. Most of its components are not anatomically connected, unlike most other systems of the body. O B. It is one of two major regulatory systems of the body O C. It is an important regulator of homeostatic mechanisms. O D. The nervous and endocrine systems often overlap in function. O E. It is composed of glands that secrete chemical messengers through ducts into the blood.arrow_forward
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