Biochemistry
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781305577206
Author: Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
Publisher: Cengage Learning
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Question
Chapter 32, Problem 8P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The model of neurotransmitter release needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction :
Number of neurotransmitters are stored in the synaptic vesicles that are unconfined at the synapse. The voltage dependent calcium channel controls this release. The necessary nerve impulses are circulated by the vesicles between the neutrons and recreated in the cell.
Expert Solution & Answer
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Students have asked these similar questions
Many enzymes can hydrolyze GTP between the β and γ phosphates. The GTP analog β,γ-imidoguanosine 5′-triphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), shown below, cannot be hydrolyzed between the β and γ phosphates.
Predict the effect of microinjection of Gpp(NH)p into a myocyte on the cell’s response to β-adrenergic stimulation.
Based on the same attached figure as in question
1 above (Figure 6.8A-B in your textbook)
describing the NMDA receptor, a ligand-gated ion
channel for glutamate, why does the current
versus voltage response described by the red line
go from near zero to a negative current at around
-50 mV?
(A)
Channel
pore
Glutamate
Mg2+
(B)
EPSC (PA)
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
Hyperpolarized,
Mg2+ blocks
ORA
Glutamate
+ Mg2+
0/
+
Na
Ca²+
Glutamate,
no Mg2+
Depolarized,
no Mg2+ block
while
K+
100
Mg2+
2+
Activation of 5-HT2A Increases cytosolic free Ca²+ Concentration ([Ca²+]) Via a
Signaling cascade. At rest, neurons have a cytosolic Ca Concentration of 100nM. The ex-
Tra cellular free calcium concentration is typically 1.2m M. Calculate the resting potential (at
equilibrium) produced by the neuron as a result of the calcium ion concentration gradient.
(Report your answer in mV ).
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biochemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Myasthenia gravis is a disease that leads to a marked decrease in the number of acetylcholine (Ach) receptors at the neuromuscular junction. As a result, suppose only about 200 (instead of 2000) Ach receptor-channels are opened by each quantum of Ach. The Ach-gated channels that survive operate normally and each cause a depolarization of about 0.25 x 10-3 mV when open. The function of the presynaptic terminal is normal and an action potential will cause the release of 100 quanta of neurotransmitter. Part a.) For a patient with myasthenia gravis, what would be the size (in mV) of a miniature excitatory post-synaptic potential (or that associated with one quantum of Ach)? a.) 0.05 mv b.) 0.25x10-4 mv c.) 0.25x10-3 mv d.) 0.5x10-3 mv e.) 0.5 mv Part b.) For a patient with myasthenia gravis, what would be the size (in mV) of the full excitatory post synaptic potential consequent to the entry of an action potential into the presynaptic terminal of the neuromuscular junction? a.) 70 mv…arrow_forwardMyasthenia gravis is a disease that leads to a marked decrease in the number of acetylcholine (Ach) receptors at the neuromuscular junction. As a result, suppose only about 200 (instead of 2000) Ach receptor-channels are opened by each quantum of Ach. The Ach-gated channels that survive operate normally and each cause a depolarization of about 0.25 x 10-3 mV when open. The function of the presynaptic terminal is normal and an action potential will cause the release of 100 quanta of neurotransmitter. For a patient with myasthenia gravis, what would be the magnitude of the depolarization (in mV) associated with opening of one Ach-gated channel? a.) 0.25x10^-2 mv b.) 0.25x10^-3 mv c.) 0.25x10^-4 mv d.) 0.5x10^-1 mv e.) 0.5 mvarrow_forwardChanges in intracellular Ca2+ is one of the main governing factors that determines the direction of plasticity (i.e., whether a synapse potentiates or depresses). Provide a general mechanism to explain how changes in intracellular Ca2+ can result in either synaptic depression or synaptic potentiation (refer to our discussion on kinases and phosphatases).arrow_forward
- Match the events listed with their order in the mechanisms behind the firing of an action potential under normal conditions (without tetrodotoxin present in the man's body). The cell has a resting membrane potential of -65 mV. You should match these events at the initial segment of a bipolar neuron. Please note that this is a sequence question. Although not an option below, you should consider that neurotransmitters are bound to ligand-gated receptors causing EPSPs. Now, put the process in the correct sequence: **arrange from 1-10arrow_forwardPlease asaparrow_forwardEGTA is a chelating agent that binds to Ca2+ with a high affinity and specificity. An experimenter may prevent increasing cytosolic Ca2+ from climbing over 10-7 M by microinjecting a cell with an adequate EGTA solution. What effect will EGTA microinjection have on the?-adrenergic and?-adenergic pathways in a cell?arrow_forward
- A critical part of the signalling between neurons in the release of neurotransmitter chemicals from the neuron with an incoming signal into a space between neurons (synapse) where the chemical can diffuse and be detected by a receptor on the neuron receiving Molecules the signal. A picture is shown in the figure at the right. The diagram is schematic and doesn't give an idea of the density of the molecules. Let's figure them out. Neurotranstter C. A typical molarity for one such neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, is 100 micromolar (10 molar). Given that the molecular weight of acetylcholine is ~150 D and it has a diameter of about 0.5 nm, find its specific volume, s, and separateness, d. Receptor Synapse D. Compare these to the specific volume and separation distances Source: Looie496, US National Institutes of you found for the molecules of water and discuss whether you think that the jiggling motion of the acetylcholine molecules are primarily driven by collisions with the jiggling…arrow_forwardAn experimental cell line expresses K+ inward rectifier channels, Na+ leak channels, K+ channels activated by the elevated levels of cytosolic Ca2+, Cl- channels activated by PKC, aquaporins, and α-1 adrenergic receptors (GPCRs that activate Gαq/11 signalling pathway). No voltage-gated channels of any kind are present. The resting membrane potential of these cells is about –50 mV, and they are bathed in the standard extracellular solution. The intracellular concentrations of the relevant ions are as follows: K+ 130 mM, Na+ 15 mM, Cl- 30 mM, Ca2+ 10-4 mM. What will happen to the cell volume if α-1 adrenergic receptor agonist is applied to the bath? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardAn experimental cell line expresses K+ inward rectifier channels, Na+ leak channels, K+ channels activated by the elevated levels of cytosolic Ca2+, Cl- channels activated by PKC, aquaporins, and α-1 adrenergic receptors (GPCRs that activate Gαq/11 signalling pathway). No voltage-gated channels of any kind are present. The resting membrane potential of these cells is about –50 mV, and they are bathed in the standard extracellular solution. The intracellular concentrations of the relevant ions are as follows: K+ 130 mM, Na+ 15 mM, Cl- 30 mM, Ca2+ 10-4 mM. Q. What will happen to the cell volume if α-1 adrenergic receptor agonist is applied to the bath? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage Learning
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
ISBN:9781305577206
Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
Publisher:Cengage Learning