Introduction To General, Organic, And Biochemistry
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781337571357
Author: Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar Torres
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 3, Problem 94P
3-110 Name and write the formula for the fluorine containing compound present in fluoridated tooth pastes and dental gels.
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SQ 3-The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of sodium bicarbonate and citric acid is below.
3 NaHCO3(aq) + C6H807(s) → Na3C6H5O7(aq) + 3H₂O(l) + 3CO2(g)
=
SQ 4-Write the Lewis Structure for all species in the net ionic equation.
Reactants:
Products:
K
SQ 5-Circle the bonds that are broken in the reactants and the bonds that are formed in the products.
Chapter 3 Solutions
Introduction To General, Organic, And Biochemistry
Ch. 3.1 - Problem 3-1 Show how the following chemical...Ch. 3.3 - Problem 3-2 Judging from their relative positions...Ch. 3.4 - Problem 3-3 Write the formulas for the ionic...Ch. 3.5 - Problem 3-4 Name these binary ionic compounds: (a)...Ch. 3.5 - Prob. 3.5QCCh. 3.5 - Problem 3-6 Give each binary compound a systematic...Ch. 3.5 - Problem 3-7 Name these ionic compounds, each of...Ch. 3.6 - Prob. 3.8QCCh. 3.6 - Prob. 3.9QCCh. 3.6 - Prob. 3.10QC
Ch. 3.6 - Prob. 3.11QCCh. 3.7 - Prob. 3.12QCCh. 3.8 - Prob. 3.13QCCh. 3.8 - Prob. 3.14QCCh. 3.9 - Problem 3-15 Predict all bond angles for these...Ch. 3.10 - Problem 3-16 Which of these molecules are polar?...Ch. 3 - 3-17 Answer true or false. (a) The octet rule...Ch. 3 - 3-18 How many electrons must each atom gain or...Ch. 3 - 3-19 Show how each chemical change obeys the octet...Ch. 3 - 3-20 Show how each chemical change obeys the octet...Ch. 3 - 3-21 Write the formula for the most stable ion...Ch. 3 - 3-22 Why is Li- not a stable ion?Ch. 3 - 3-23 Predict which ions are stable: (a) (b) (c)...Ch. 3 - 3-24 Predict which ions are stable: (a) Br2- (b)...Ch. 3 - 3-25 Why are carbon and silicon reluctant to form...Ch. 3 - 3-26 Table 3-2 shows the following ions of copper:...Ch. 3 - 3-27 Answer true or false. (a) For Group lA and...Ch. 3 - 3-28 Name each polyatomic ion. (a) HCO3- (b) NO2-...Ch. 3 - 3-29 Answer true or false. (a) According to the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 14PCh. 3 - 3-31 Why does electronegativity generally increase...Ch. 3 - 3-32 Judging from their relative positions in the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 17PCh. 3 - 3-34 Which of these bonds is the most polar? The...Ch. 3 - 3-35 Classify each bond as nonpolar covalent,...Ch. 3 - 3-36 Classify each bond as nonpolar covalent,...Ch. 3 - 3-37 Answer true or false. (a) An ionic bond is...Ch. 3 - 3-38 Complete the chart by writing formulas for...Ch. 3 - 3-39 Write a formula for the ionic compound formed...Ch. 3 - Prob. 24PCh. 3 - 3-41 Describe the structure of sodium chloride in...Ch. 3 - 3-42 What is the charge on each ion in these...Ch. 3 - 3-43 Write the formula for the compound formed...Ch. 3 - 3-44 Write the formula for the ionic compound...Ch. 3 - 3-45 Which formulas are not correct? For each that...Ch. 3 - 3-46 Which formulas are not correct? For each that...Ch. 3 - 3-47 Answer true or false. (a) The name of a...Ch. 3 - 3-48 Potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate...Ch. 3 - Prob. 33PCh. 3 - 3-50 Name the polyatomic ion(s) in each compound....Ch. 3 - 3-51 Write the formulas for the ions present in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 36PCh. 3 - 3-53 Write formulas for the following ionic...Ch. 3 - 3-54 Write formulas for the following ionic...Ch. 3 - Prob. 39PCh. 3 - 3-56 How many covalent bonds are normally formed...Ch. 3 - 3-57 What is: (a) A single bond? (b) A double...Ch. 3 - 3-58 In Section 2-3B, we saw that there are seven...Ch. 3 - Prob. 43PCh. 3 - Prob. 44PCh. 3 - Prob. 45PCh. 3 - Prob. 46PCh. 3 - 3-63 What is the difference between (a) a bromine...Ch. 3 - 3-64 Acetylene (C2H2), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and...Ch. 3 - Prob. 49PCh. 3 - 3-66 Why can’t second-row elements have more than...Ch. 3 - 3-67 Why does nitrogen have three bonds and one...Ch. 3 - 3-68 Draw a Lewis structure of a covalent compound...Ch. 3 - Prob. 53PCh. 3 - 3-70 Draw a Lewis structure of a covalent compound...Ch. 3 - Prob. 55PCh. 3 - Prob. 56PCh. 3 - Prob. 57PCh. 3 - 3-74 Answer true or false. (a) A binary covalent...Ch. 3 - Prob. 59PCh. 3 - Prob. 60PCh. 3 - 3-77 Ozone, O3, is an unstable blue gas with a...Ch. 3 - 3-78 Nitrous oxide, N20, laughing gas, is a...Ch. 3 - 3-79 Answer true or false. (a) The letters VSEPR...Ch. 3 - Prob. 64PCh. 3 - Prob. 65PCh. 3 - 3-82 Hydrogen and nitrogen combine in different...Ch. 3 - Prob. 67PCh. 3 - Prob. 68PCh. 3 - Prob. 69PCh. 3 - Prob. 70PCh. 3 - 3-87 Consider the molecule boron trffluoride, BF3....Ch. 3 - Prob. 72PCh. 3 - 3-89 Is it possible for a molecule to have no...Ch. 3 - Prob. 74PCh. 3 - Prob. 75PCh. 3 - Prob. 76PCh. 3 - Prob. 77PCh. 3 - Prob. 78PCh. 3 - Prob. 79PCh. 3 - Prob. 80PCh. 3 - Prob. 81PCh. 3 - Prob. 82PCh. 3 - 3-99 Knowing what you do about covalent bonding in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 84PCh. 3 - Prob. 85PCh. 3 - Prob. 86PCh. 3 - Prob. 87PCh. 3 - Prob. 88PCh. 3 - 3-105 Consider the structure of Vitamin E shown...Ch. 3 - 3-106 Consider the structure of Penicillin G shown...Ch. 3 - 3-107 Ephedrine, a molecule at one time found in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 92PCh. 3 - 3-109 Until several years ago, the two...Ch. 3 - 3-110 Name and write the formula for the fluorine...Ch. 3 - Prob. 95PCh. 3 - Prob. 96PCh. 3 - Prob. 97PCh. 3 - Prob. 98PCh. 3 - Prob. 99PCh. 3 - Prob. 100PCh. 3 - Prob. 101PCh. 3 - Prob. 102PCh. 3 - 3-119 Perchloroethylene, which is a liquid at room...Ch. 3 - 3-120 Vinyl chloride is the starting material for...Ch. 3 - 3-121 Tetrafluoroethylene is the starting material...Ch. 3 - 3-122 Some of the following structural formulas...Ch. 3 - 3-123 Sodium borohydride, NaBH4, has found wide...Ch. 3 - Prob. 108PCh. 3 - Prob. 109PCh. 3 - Prob. 110PCh. 3 - Prob. 111PCh. 3 - Prob. 112PCh. 3 - Consider the structure of Fluoxetine (or Prozac)...Ch. 3 - Consider the structure of lipoic acid shown below,...Ch. 3 - Prob. 115P
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- 3-48 Potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate are used as potassium dietary supplements. Write the formula of each compound.arrow_forward3-41 Describe the structure of sodium chloride in the solid state.arrow_forward3-119 Perchloroethylene, which is a liquid at room temperature, is one of the most widely used solvents for commercial dry cleaning. It is sold for this purpose under several trade names, including Perciene®. Does this molecule have polar bonds? Is it a polar molecule? Does it have a dipole?arrow_forward
- 3-63 What is the difference between (a) a bromine atom, (b) a bromine molecule, and (c) a bromide ion? Draw the Lewis structure for each.arrow_forward3-78 Nitrous oxide, N20, laughing gas, is a colorless, nontoxic, tasteless, and odorless gas. It is used as an inhalation anesthetic in dental and other surgeries. Because nitrous oxide is soluble in vegetable oils (fats), it is used commercially as a propellant in whipped toppings Nitrous oxide dissolves in fats. The gas is added under pressure to cans of whipped topping. When the valve is opened, the gas expands, thus expanding (whipping) the topping and forcing it out of the can. (a) How many valence electrons are present in a molecule of N20? (b) Write two equivalent contributing structures for this molecule. The connectivity in nitrous oxide is NNO. (c) Explain why the following is not an acceptable contributing structure:arrow_forward3-122 Some of the following structural formulas are incorrect because they contain one or more atoms that do not have their normal number of covalent bonds. Which structural formulas are incorrect, and which atom or atoms in each have the incorrect number of bonds?arrow_forward
- 3-120 Vinyl chloride is the starting material for the production of poly(vinyl chloride), abbreviated PVC. Its recycling code is “V”. The major use of PVC is for tubing in residential and commercial construction (Section 12-7). (a) Complete the Lewis structure for vinyl chloride by showing all unshared pairs of electrons. (b) Predict the HCH, HCC, and ClCH bond angles in this molecule. (c) Does vinyl chloride have polar bonds? Is it a polar molecule? Does it have a dipole?arrow_forward3-107 Ephedrine, a molecule at one time found in the dietary supplement ephedra, has been linked to adverse health reactions, such as heart attacks, strokes, and heart palpitations. The use of ephedra in dietary supplements is now banned by the FDA. (a) Which is the most polar bond in ephedra? (b) Would you predict ephedra to be polar or nonpolar?arrow_forward3-123 Sodium borohydride, NaBH4, has found wide use as a reducing agent in organic chemistry. It is an ionic compound composed of one sodium ion, Na, and one borohydride ion, BH4. (a) How many valence electrons are present in the borohydride ion? (b) Draw a Lewis structure for the borohydride ion. (c) Predict the HBH bond angles in the borohydride ion.arrow_forward
- 3-99 Knowing what you do about covalent bonding in compounds of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen and given the fact that silicon is just below carbon in the Periodic Table, phosphorus is just below nitrogen, and sulfur is just below oxygen, predict the molecular formula for the compound formed by (a) silicon and chlorine, (b) phosphorus and hydrogen, and (c) sulfur and hydrogen.arrow_forward3-127 Amoxicillin is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. Consider the skeletal structure of amoxicillin (y refer to the structure at bottom of page). Where all the bonded atoms are shown but double bonds, triple bonds, and/or lone pairs are missing: (a) Complete the structure of amoxicillin. (b) Identify the various types of geometries present in each central atom using VSEPR theory (e) Determine the various relative bond angles as sociated with each central atom using VSEPR theory. (d) What is the most polar bond in Amoxicillin? (e) Would you predict amoxicillin to be polar or nonpolar? (f) Is amoxicillin expected to possess resonance? Explain why or why not. V Chemical structure for problem 3-127arrow_forward3-106 Consider the structure of Penicillin G shown below, an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by gram-positive organisms, derived from Penicillium fungi: (a) Identify the various types of geometries present in each central atom using VSEPR theory. (b) Determine the various relative bond angles associated with each central atom using VSEPR theory (c) Which is the most poiar bond in Penicillin G? (d) Would you predict Penicillin G to be polar or nonpolar?arrow_forward
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