Chapter 3, Problem 3.56SP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic configuration of ${\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}\text{and}{\text{Ti}}^{\text{2+}}$ ionshaveto be given.

Concept introduction:

By using aufbau principle, electrons starts to occupy from orbitals oflower energy level. Thus, the obtained lower energy configuration is known as ground-state electron configuration.

Aufbau principle:

• Electrons first occupy orbitals with lower energy than higher energy.
• An orbital can be occupied only by two electrons having opposite spins.
• Each electron fills each orbital till it is half filled, when they are degenerate orbital. This is called as Hund’s rule.
• The order of electrons filling in an atom is given as

Figure 1