Biochemistry
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781305577206
Author: Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 25, Problem 4P
The Energetic Cost of Nitrogen Excretion via the Urea Cycle How many ATP equivalents are consumed in the production of 1 equivalent of urea by the urea cycle?
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Production of the enzymes that catalyze the reactions of the urea cycle can increase or decrease according to the metabolic needs of the organism. High levels of these enzymes are associated with high-protein diets as well as starvation. Explain this apparent paradox.
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Conversion of amino acid
nitrogen into urea by the
liver for excretion
normally involves all the
following enzyme
activities EXCEPT
O Ornithine transcarbamoylase
Carbamoyl phosphate
synthetase II
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Arginase
Which of the following
statements about the
Chapter 25 Solutions
Biochemistry
Ch. 25 - Prob. 1PCh. 25 - Prob. 2PCh. 25 - Regulation of Glutamine Synthetase by Covalent...Ch. 25 - The Energetic Cost of Nitrogen Excretion via the...Ch. 25 - Prob. 5PCh. 25 - Prob. 6PCh. 25 - Prob. 7PCh. 25 - Prob. 8PCh. 25 - Prob. 9PCh. 25 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 25 - Prob. 11PCh. 25 - Prob. 12PCh. 25 - Prob. 13PCh. 25 - Prob. 14PCh. 25 - Prob. 15PCh. 25 - A Deficiency on 3-Phosphogtycerate Dehydrogenase...Ch. 25 - Prob. 17PCh. 25 - Prob. 18PCh. 25 - Prob. 19PCh. 25 - Consider the synthesis and degradation of tyrosine...Ch. 25 - Prob. 21PCh. 25 - Prob. 22P
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- Consider the following Statements: (1) Citric acid cycle intermediates are often the products from amino acid carbon skeleton degradation. (2) The net effect of transamination is to collect the amino groups from a variety of amino acids into the amino acids glutamate and aspartate. (3) All of the reactions of the urea cycle occur within mitochondria. how many is truearrow_forward4. The urea cycle was the first metabolic cycle to be discovered, predating the description of the citric acid cycle by 5 years. Hans Krebs along with Kurt Henseleit used their Warburg manometer (pictured) to monitor the use of carbon dioxide and ammonia in the synthesis of urea. In the presence of a slice of liver, urea could be produced, but the reaction require ornithine and citrulline. Since citrulline is not consumed during the course of the enzymatic cycle, but is rather regenerated, Krebs described citrulline as a "catalyst" of the process. H2N ÑH2arrow_forwardHow is the urea cycle linked to the citric acid cycle? Write the net equation of the urea cycle and indicate whether energy is produced or consumed by the cycle. What type of damage occurs if there is a defect in the urea cycle?arrow_forward
- Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase I is a mitochondrial enzyme which plays an important role in the urea cycle. It represents the committed step in the urea cycle. (i) Explain the reaction of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase I. (ii) Explain the regulation of urea cycle by N-acetylglutamate.arrow_forwardhyperammonemia in patients is compounded by the reality of the normal regulatory controls in the urea cycle. Explain how increased GDH oxidative deamination activity will inhibit the urea cycle.arrow_forwardDiscuss the toxic effects of the ammonium ion and excess bicarbonate ion. What is the effect of high concentrations of NH4+ in the bloodstream? What are the two reasons NH4+ is so toxic to the brain? Why can the urea cycle also be considered as a bicarbonate ion disposal mechanism? Why is that important?arrow_forward
- Which enzyme(s) in the urea cycle mediate(s) (an) irreversible reaction(s) (select all that apply)? O arginosuccinate synthetase arginosuccinase carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I arginase O ornithine transcarbamoylasearrow_forwardCharacterize the interconnection between Citric acid cycle and Urea cycle. Draw the scheme of this interconnection, considering compartmentalization of separate steps of these processes. To prove your answer, remember: 1. In which cell compartment does Krebs cycle take place? 2. In which cell compartment does urea synthesis take place? 3. What metabolites are common for Krebs and urea cycle? 4. How does metabolite exchange between Krebs and urea cycle take place?arrow_forwardHow many molecules of ATP energy can a molecule of Asp be generated in the human body by thorough oxidation and decomposition (including ammonia metabolism)? Please write down the metabolic process in detail, including the names of substrates, products and enzymes at each step (metabolic processes involved in the urea cycle can be written directly into the urea cycle without details).arrow_forward
- How many ATP equivalents are consumed in the production of one equivalent of urea by the urea cycle?arrow_forwardWhat is the possible connection between the Urea cycle and other metabolic pathways? Can intermediates of the urea cycle can serve as precursors for amino acid, carbohydrate, fatty acid, and/or nucleotide metabolism (anabolism/catabolism). Give examples. . avoid copyrighting and plagiarism.arrow_forward(a) How many ATP equivalents are consumed by the reactions of the urea cycle? (b) Operation of the urea cycle actually generates more ATP than it consumes. Explain.arrow_forward
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