Biochemistry
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781305577206
Author: Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 25, Problem 4P
The Energetic Cost of Nitrogen Excretion via the Urea Cycle How many ATP equivalents are consumed in the production of 1 equivalent of urea by the urea cycle?
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Conversion of amino acid
nitrogen into urea by the
liver for excretion
normally involves all the
following enzyme
activities EXCEPT
O Ornithine transcarbamoylase
Carbamoyl phosphate
synthetase II
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Arginase
Which of the following
statements about the
Chapter 25 Solutions
Biochemistry
Ch. 25 - Prob. 1PCh. 25 - Prob. 2PCh. 25 - Regulation of Glutamine Synthetase by Covalent...Ch. 25 - The Energetic Cost of Nitrogen Excretion via the...Ch. 25 - Prob. 5PCh. 25 - Prob. 6PCh. 25 - Prob. 7PCh. 25 - Prob. 8PCh. 25 - Prob. 9PCh. 25 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 25 - Prob. 11PCh. 25 - Prob. 12PCh. 25 - Prob. 13PCh. 25 - Prob. 14PCh. 25 - Prob. 15PCh. 25 - A Deficiency on 3-Phosphogtycerate Dehydrogenase...Ch. 25 - Prob. 17PCh. 25 - Prob. 18PCh. 25 - Prob. 19PCh. 25 - Consider the synthesis and degradation of tyrosine...Ch. 25 - Prob. 21PCh. 25 - Prob. 22P
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- Consider the following Statements: (1) Citric acid cycle intermediates are often the products from amino acid carbon skeleton degradation. (2) The net effect of transamination is to collect the amino groups from a variety of amino acids into the amino acids glutamate and aspartate. (3) All of the reactions of the urea cycle occur within mitochondria. how many is truearrow_forwardThe urea cycle can be summarized through the following reaction: O || H₂N-C-OPO3= COO- | H3N-CHCH₂COO- O || H₂N-C-NH2 + -OOCCH = CHCOO- 1. Write the reactions, using structural formulas that lead to the formation of carbamoyl phosphate and its subsequent incorporation into the urea cycle. Name the enzymes and how they are activated.arrow_forwardHow is the urea cycle linked to the citric acid cycle? Write the net equation of the urea cycle and indicate whether energy is produced or consumed by the cycle. What type of damage occurs if there is a defect in the urea cycle?arrow_forward
- Discuss the two roles of N-acetylglutamate in the urea cycle. Include relevant chemical structures and reactions. What is the regulatory function of N-acetylglutamate in the urea cycle? What is the other role of N-acetylglutamate in relationship to the urea cycle? Glutamate is the precursor for N-acetylglutamate. How is glutamate involved in the connection between the urea cycle and the CAC?arrow_forwardCarbamoyl-phosphate synthase I is a mitochondrial enzyme which plays an important role in the urea cycle. It represents the committed step in the urea cycle. (i) Explain the reaction of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase I. (ii) Explain the regulation of urea cycle by N-acetylglutamate.arrow_forwardhyperammonemia in patients is compounded by the reality of the normal regulatory controls in the urea cycle. Explain how increased GDH oxidative deamination activity will inhibit the urea cycle.arrow_forward
- Which enzyme(s) in the urea cycle mediate(s) (an) irreversible reaction(s) (select all that apply)? O arginosuccinate synthetase arginosuccinase carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I arginase O ornithine transcarbamoylasearrow_forwardOutline the path of 2 molecules of alanine to 1 molecule of glucose using alanine dehydrogenase and other processes or pathways you know. Determine the net reaction and make sure you include both the necessary cofactors AND the handling of the ammonia by the urea cycle.arrow_forwardWrite an equation for the net reaction of the urea cycle.Show how the urea cycle is linked to the citric acid cycle.arrow_forward
- Identify urea in the Urea cycle below and show/explain where the two Nitrogen atoms of urea originate from. 3 2 ATP + HCO3 + NH3 4 CPS-1 2 ADP, P₁ NH3 CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ HC-NH3 Coo 1 7 H₂N NH₂ H₂N O=UN ARG1 H₂O OPO3²- feeli. NH₂ CH₂ CH₂ OTC CH₂ P₁ HỘ—NH3* ·8-3-4-8 • ASL CH 5 ΝΗ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ HỘNH3 COO NH₂ 3 3 ASS NH COO ΝΗ CH₂ CH₂ COO- CH₂ CH₂ HỘ NH3* COO 4 ATP PP₁ L-Asp AMParrow_forwardThe urea cycle can be summarized through the following reaction: O || H2N-C-OPO3 + COO- | H3N-CHCH₂COO b. O || H2N-C-NH2 1a Write the reactions, using structural formulas that lead to the formation of carbamoyl phosphate and its subsequent incorporation into the urea cycle. Name the enzymes and how they are activated. 1 + OOCCH=CHCOO- Write the rest of the reactions that constitute the urea cycle using structural formulas. Name the enzymes that catalyze each reaction. Indicate which reactions occur in the mitochondrion and which occur in the cytoplasm.arrow_forwardGlutamate, produced in the first transamination reaction, reacts with oxaloacetate in the second transamination reaction to form aspartate that can directly enter the urea cycle. In an oxidative deamination reaction, the same glutamate molecule, through the action of glutamate dehydrogenase along with the presence of the coenzyme NAD+, can produce an ammonium ion which can also directly enter the urea cycle. The first statement is incorrect while the second statement is correct The first statement is correct while the second statement is incorrect Both statements are correct Both statements are incorrectarrow_forward
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